مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی
افسوس ہے ہمارے فاضل اوردیرینہ دوست مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب قدوائی بھی کم وبیش ستربرس کی عمر میں۲۴/اگست کواپنے گاؤں تہیلنڈی ضلع رائے بریلی(اترپردیش)میں راہی ملک بقاہوگئے۔خاتمہ اچانک ہوا،۲۴/اگست کو آخری روزہ تھا، مرحوم سحری کے وقت پہلے خود اُٹھے، پھر گھر کے لوگوں کو اٹھایا لیکن ابھی سحری کھائی نہیں تھی کہ بیت الخلا جاتے ہوئے گرپڑے، تھوڑی دیر کے بعد حالت غیر ہوگئی اوربے ہوش ہوگئے، نفس کی آمدوشد میں فرق آگیا،اورآخر چند گھنٹوں کے بعد جان جانِ آفریں کوسپرد کردی۔انا ﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔
مرحوم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماکے آخری درجہ میں زیر تعلیم تھے کہ ندوہ میں ایک مشہور اورعظیم الشان اسٹرائیک ہوئی، اس سلسلہ میں احمد جعفری اوردوسرے بہت سے طلباء کے ساتھ مرحوم بھی خارج کردیئے گئے۔ اب وہ جامعۂ ملیہ اسلامیہ میں داخل ہوگئے لیکن کئی برس یہاں مقیم رہنے کے باوجود تکمیل یہاں بھی نہ کرسکے۔بہرحال تھے ذہین اورجو کچھ پڑھا تھا محنت اورشوق سے پڑھا تھا اس لیے استعداد پختہ تھی، اس بناپر چندبرس ندوہ میں مدرس رہے۔لکھنؤ میں ادارۂ تعلیمات اسلام کے نام سے ایک ادارہ قائم کیا۔بمبئی میں اخبار خلافت کے عملۂ ادارت سے بھی وابستہ رہے۔ آخرکار جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ میں ناظم شعبۂ دینیات ہوگئے، یہاں سے سبکدوش ہوکرندوۃ العلماء میں معتمد تعلیمات ہوئے، پھر شاہ معین الدین احمد صاحب کاانتقال ہوا توان کی جگہ سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن صاحب کے ہاں ماہنامۂ ’معارف‘ کے شریک ادارت ہوگئے۔مولانا مرحوم نے اگرچہ کم لکھاہے لیکن جوکچھ لکھاہے بہت خوب لکھاہے۔سادگی کے ساتھ طرفگی اور سنجیدگی ومتانت کے ساتھ شگفتگی اُن کے قلم کی خصوصیت تھی۔طبیعت رسااورنکتہ آفریں پائی تھی، کم گواورکم سخن،مرنج ومرنجان اوربڑے بااخلاق ومتواضع تھے۔ اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ
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Bhim Sen Sacher informed Jenkins about the destruction caused by arson in Lahore. Akbari Mandi, Chune Mandi, Chauhatta Basti, Bhagat Singh Basti, Kucha Kagzian and Pipal Vehra had been burnt down. The fire brigade could not cope with those vast and dispersed areas. If someone tried to extinguish the fire he was shot at by the police. Bhim Sen Sachar suggested that the only way to save Lahore was to impose martial law in the city. He hoped that the Governor would take that step immediately.64 Jenkins thanked Lala Bhim Sen Sachar and Gokul for their letters informing him about Lahore. Jenkins explained that fire brigade had done a good job in spite of constraints and difficulties. He believed that all communities had access to incendiary materials, and could use it without detection by traversing joined roof-tops. Throwing fire-balls from one house to another was wreaking devastation. Checking trouble of that kind was not an easy job, but searches were carried out and culprits were arrested.6
Large applications spectrum largely hangs on physicochemical and biological properties of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) which vary with changing particles size. The unique properties of Ag-NPs are responsible for large uses in consumer‘s product and industry. Keeping in view the importance, Ag-NPs were grown through chemical and biological reduction. Formaldehyde was reducing agent in chemical route whereas, the lemon extract was in biological route. SEM images suggest agglomeration of small, grain like and spherical Ag-NPs in both routes. Particles were 16.59 nm mean size in chemical route 42.93 nm in biological route. Ranges of particles were 5-80 nm in chemical route and between 5-100 nm in biological method. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the particles were amine coated in chemical route. This study documented the proof of high profile of nutrients, minerals, total phenolic in garlic (40.80 ±2 .91 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoid content (4.59 ± 1.28 mg RE/100 g). These components enable garlic to ameliorate a stress which is oxidative in nature. To record this capability, free radicals were emolyed including ABTS, FRAP and DPPH ABTS. Garlic exhibited significantly different scavenging of these radicals with values of starting from 35.22 ± 6.63 for FRAP, 28.82 ± 11.61 for DPPH and 231.64 ± 25.02 mg vitamin C equivalent for ABTS when determined per 100 g sample. In next study phase, effect on haematology, tissue alterations and oxidative stress posed by these particles were quantified. For this purpose, Labeo rohita (L. rohita) (50 ± 5 g weight, 29 ± 09 cm in length) was used. Six treatments were maintained in three replicates having 5 fishes in each replicate. First treatment was used as control and other five treatments were exposed to 10, 20, 30, 45 and 55 mgL-1 respectively for 28 days. Samples were randomly collected from each treatment on 7th, 14th and 28th day. Ag-NPs caused oxidative stress, significant haematological changes, gills and liver alterations. Liver and gill antioxidant system respond to elevated level of oxidative stress and changed the enzymatic level. Activity of CAT flucated at different concentrations and time intervals. Ag-NPs also stimulated production of SOD to increase the activity. The low dose also stimulated the synthesis and enhanced activity of GST in response to electrophilic toxic Ag-NPs. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was slightly higher in liver compared to gill possibly due to involvement of liver in detoxification process. Elevated level of GSH showed that liver started defensive mechanism against the oxyraidcals. Ag-NPs also produced genotoxicity in test fish. This genotoxicity was assessed through comet and micronuclei assay. An increase in both comet and micronuclei was recorded in dose dependant manner which proved the genotoxicity of Ag-NPs. Elevated frequency of comet was recorded at 55 mgL-1 and same was in case of nuclear alterations (16.34 ± 2.71 %) and micronuclei (6.35 ± 1.34 %). The Ag-NPs also induced pathological changes in gills tissue and 10 mg L-1 Ag-NPs treatment induced fusion of secondary lamellae and separation of gill epithelium where treatment of 20 to 55 mg L-1 produced deformation, fusion and necrosis of lamellar cells, Hyperplasia, deformed cartilaginous skeleton, separation and lifting of epithelium, curling of lamellae. In liver, Ag-NPs created abnormality in hepatic tissues reducing the size of cells and nuclei. At lowest concentration, the hepatocytes began to swell where, higher concentrations accumulated condensed nuclear and pycnotic nuclei. The particles further caused cognitive enlargement of lysosomes, reduction in size of hepatocytes and stimulated production of necrotic and apoptotic bodies. In last part of study, ameliorated role of nano-ceria and garlic was determined against Ag-NPs induced toxicity. The Ag-NPs (25 mgL-1) and nano-ceria (50 μg kg-1) were given through water and prepared feed respectively. Results demonstrated that pre-treatment of nano-ceria recovered the L. rohita from Ag-NPs induce toxicity and oxidative stress. The nano-ceria pre-treatment actively restored the activity of GST, GSH CAT and SOD. It also reduced the level of lipid peroxidation. Further, pre-treatment also improved the haematological parameters, gill and liver tissue structure against Ag-NPs toxicity. Same was in case of garlic study. However, nano-ceria showed slightly higher ameliorated role compare to garlic. Further, garlic and nano-ceria showed better results of ameliorations in combined form compared to alone garlic and nano-ceria. This study concluded that, Ag-NPs induced toxicity and pre-treatment of nano-ceria and garlic recovered L. rohita from Ag-NPs induce toxicity and oxidative stress.