Cognitive Semantic Study of the Preposition ‘Min’ in the Quran

The preposition ‘min’ is semantically more complex than what the traditional lexicaAl-syntactic approaches held it to be adverb or adverbial of place and time. This paper attempts to investigate the semantic complexity of the preposition ‘min’ from cognitive linguistic perspective to find out its semantic classification and linguistic symmetric patterns. Data has been taken from the Quran to investigate the claim of conceptual metaphor theory that sensorimotor neural structures generates the preposition ‘min’ on the image schema of source-path-goal. The findings reveal that the source-pathgoal image schema is not only at work in the use of preposition ‘min’ in spatio-geometric sense, but also to map the abstract concepts, emotional states and relationship with supernatural entities in spatial terms in the Quran. However, the data also show idiosyncratic behaviour of preposition, attaining different semantic arguments in different linguistic contexts, which strengthen the argument that language use cannot be abridged to static mapping in the human conceptual system. This paper recommends future research on the same preposition or other prepositions to investigate further the source-path-goal image schema in the Quran and Arabic language.

Analytical Solutions for Some Unsteady Flows of Second Grade and Rate Type Fluids

This work presents new results regarding the behavior of some non-Newtonian fluids into different circumstances. After some preliminaries regarding constitutive equations, motion equations and integral transforms, new exact solutions for the ve- locity field and the shear stress corresponding to some flows with technical relevance have been established for ordinary second grade, Oldroyd-B fluids and generalized Maxwell fluids. Just as in the case of Navier-Stokes fluids, it is necessary to develop a large class of exact and approximate solutions, they serving as tests to verify nu- merical schemes that are developed to study complex unsteady flow problems. In chapter 2, by means of the Laplace transform, there are established new exact solutions corresponding to the first problem of Stokes for Oldroyd-B fluids. These solutions, in accordance with the previous results obtained using Fourier sine trans- form, can be easily specialized to give similar solutions for Maxwell fluids. The main aim of chapter 3 was to solve a very important problem, namely to determine the re- quired time to reach the steady-state for the second problem of Stokes corresponding to second grade fluids. In addition to solve this problem we also found new exact so- lutions for this problem. Our solutions, unlike the solutions obtained by Erdogan for Newtonian fluids, are written as a sum between steady state and transient solutions. Chapter 4 contains exact solutions for the unsteady flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid between two side walls perpendicular to a plate. In the absence of side walls the obtained solutions tend to the similar solutions for the flow over a flat plate (the first problem of Stokes). The influence of the pertinent parameters on the velocity of the fluid at the middle of the channel as well as on the shear stress on the bottom is underlined by graphical illustrations. In chapter 5, by means of Laplace and Hankel transforms, we obtained the solutions for unsteady flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid between two circular cylinders. These solutions, presented as a sum of the Newtonian solutions and the non-Newtonian contributions, can be easily specialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary Maxwell fluids. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the velocity of the fluid are also underlined by graphical illustrations.