حالت امن کے قواعد کلیہ: فقہائے کرام کی آراء کی روشنی میں

The value of Shari’ah Maxims is realized all over the world. These maxims keep a superlative significance over all legal maxims as their sources are based on Qur’ān and Sunnah that is the real source of islamic law. Shari’ah Maxims such a important subject of islamic law that simplifies the interpretation of shari’ah. If the Shari’ah Maxims are inculcated and conceived properly then there is no need to burn midnight oil in learning the large number of sub-titles of Shari’ah. The fiqh defines the Shari’ah Maxims as the principles organized. This article explores the Four important Shari’ah Maxims relating to peace  and ethics of a muslim state towards its non-muslim residants. It includes the meanings, arguments and real life examples about these maxims. These maxims are: (الذمی من اھل دارنا کالمسلم)Zimmies are considered equalent to the muslims of state.(الامر بیننا وبین الکفار مبنی علی المجازاۃ)The relations between muslims and non-muslims countries are based on equality.(ان حرمۃ قتل المستامن من حق اللہ تعالی)Those who have the entry into the muslim state with permit and peaceful intention, must be protected and neither be killed nor be harmed.(عبارۃ الرسول کعبارۃ المرسل)Any ambassador of the state will be considered the real representative of the sender who can completely deal all the things on behalf of his sender. Today it’s the dire need of the time to implement these Shari’ah Maxims generaly for the humanity and especially for Muslims Countries to solve the critical issues, because today the world needs peace the most as it was needed never before.

Formulation Development and In/Vitro In/Vivo Evaluation of Transdermal Patches Containing Selected Analgestics

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) exists for a long time such as creams, and ointments for topical ailments.Incorporating drugs in transdermal patch ismore recent application. Liquid reservoir system, solid reservoir/peripheral adhesive system or matrix (drug in adhesive) system may be used to deliver the drug through skin. In present work thirty six matrix type transdermal patch formulations of diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac diethylamine and flurbiprofen (nine each) were developed by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC 4000 cps,), polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP K-30,) and ammonio methacrylate copolymer type A (Eudragit RL-100). Different skin permeation enhancers like isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate and tween 80 were incorporated in the formulations. The influence of various formulation variables, such as initial drug load and certain skin permeation enhancers on permeation characteristics of selected analgesics from the prepared formulations was studies through hairless abdominal rabbit skin by using the modified Franz diffusion cell. The permeation parameters were estimated by Chow method following the Fick’s law of diffusion. The penetration profiles of all formulations were influenced significantly (p <0.05) by the addition of enhancers in comparison to formulation controls (without enhancers) and commercially available product (market control). Among the enhancers studied, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate produced better results with high relative permeation ratio (14.61, 27.40) and enhancing factor (32, 7.83). All the formulations showed good stability and reproducibility. The prepared patch formulations resulted better permeability as compared to the controls with high apparent permeation rates (121.18 ± 34.37 µg.h-1 cm-2) and diffusion coefficients (8.68 ± 0.43 cm2/s × 10-4) with shorter lag times (1.0 ± 0.15 h). The diffusion coefficients were found independent of initial drug load for all formulations. Release profiles were evaluated by model-dependent approaches. The drug release from almost all formulations was best explained by zero order equation, as the plots showed highest linearity (r2 > 0.952), followed by Higuchi equation. The mechanism of drug release for most of formulations was super case II transport and in few, non-Fickian diffusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized formulations for each drug were determined from blood levels which revealed a profile typical of sustained release formulation having low elimination rate constants and high Mean Residence Time with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. The higher steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient, as well as the decreased lag time of permeation ofdiclofenac sodium 5% with IPP, 5% diclofenac potassium with IPM, 5% diclofenac diethylamine with IPP and flurbiprofen 10% with IPM as compared to formulation control (without enhancer) and commercially available gel (market control) was obtained. The faster permeation of the drug as compared to the controls could be attributed to the incorporation of skin penetration enhancer. The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that the optimized formulations exhibit typical sustained release phenomenon having low elimination rate constants and high MRT with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. Therefore it is concluded that the incorporation of skin penetration enhancers like IPM and IPP are promising in developing matrix type patch formulation.