MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) and COLLABORATIVE TEAMS

Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition related to the development of the brain that can lead to persistent challenges with socialization, restricted interests, and repeated behaviour. Diagnosis for ASD is used as a basis of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) produced by American Psychiatric Association. ASD is observed in children during early years of life and significantly affects an individual’s wellbeing. Autism has remained a mystery for many specialists and researchers  for years. Although the cause of autism is still unknown, a number of strategies have been developed that have helped so many people around the world to live independently. So far there are no authentic facts for ASD prevalence in Pakistan however the statistics is roughly calculated from South Asia that ASD might be as common in Pakistan as somewhere else around the world. In a country like Pakistan where Autism is still a new phenomenon especially in rural areas, we have very restricted qualified human resources to provide a reliable rehabilitation service for a child with ASD and their family. Apart from that due to inadequate awareness exposure, knowledge, and incompetency in diagnosis, these children go undiagnosed and are mishandled.

Synthesis of Hydrazide and Sulfonamide Derived Schiff Bases and Their Antioxidant and Bioactivities

This research work consists of the synthesis of Schiff bases and sulphonamides derivatives of nicotinic and isonicotinic acid hydrazide by adopting different synthetic chemical transformations and tested of their antioxidant and bioactivities. All compounds were entirely characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques like EI-MS and 1H-NMR. Four chapters have been included in this critique based on the broad literature and it is regarding the three series of the synthetic compounds. Everyone has its own references, compounds tables, figures, schemes and numbering. Chapter-1 It is consisting of broad literature review related to the common introduction of Schiff bases and nicotinic acid and its reaction, various synthetic protocols and biological background. It has been also studied the several biological activities which are done on compounds. This chapter describes the synthesis of Schiff bases of nicotinic acid hydrazides 131-163 and studies of their antioxidant, antileishmanial, urease, α-glucosidase, anti glycations, α-chymotrypsin, acetylcholinetorase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Chapter-2 Describes the synthesis of Schiff base derivatives of isonicotinic acid hydrazides 40-69 and studies of their antioxidant, antileishmanial, antiglycation, urease, α-glucosidase, α-chymotrypsin, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Chapter-3 Describes the syntheses of sulfonamide derivatives of nicotinic and isonicotinic acid hydrazides 77-99 and their urease inhibitory activity, antioxidant, antiglycation, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. In chapter-4, we describe bioassay protocol used for the all compounds.