مولانا ابو الکلام آزاد‌ کا تفسیری اسلوب: سورة الکہف کا خصوصی مطالعہ

Since about the middle of the 19th century, numerous attempts have been made by Muslim  scholars to interpret the Qur’ān  to the modern world. By far the largest output of literature produced in this connection, whether in the form of commentaries, critiques or articles in periodical, has been in Urdu, English and Arabic. But whatever the medium of expression employed, the net result is still is far from satisfactory.               Moulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) was one of the most notable Muslim figures in Sub-continent. The Tarjuman-al-Qur’ān  is regarded on all hands as his main contribution to Islamic learning. His original plan was to prepare side by side two companion volumes to this great of his, one entitled Tafsir-al-Bayana affording a detailed commentary of the Qur’ān, the other entitled Muqaddima, to serve as prolegomena to the Tarjuman -al-Qur’ān. The circumstances of his life did not allow him the time that he needed to execute the two projects. Moulana Azad, s thinking and philosophy about commentary of the Qur’ān  is very clear: ''Explain the Qur’ān  in the manner of the Qur’ān ''.                This paper attempts to enlighten many aspects of Moulana Azad, s commentary of Surat-al-Kahaf and explores his contribution and Comparative Analysis for other selected Urdu Tafasir of his era.

Preparation of Multiple Congugates Lips-Protein for Immunization Against Typhoidal Diseases

Classically Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is associated with typhoid, a major health problem in developing countries. However, in recent years Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) and Vi negative variants of S. Typhi have emerged rapidly. For development of multiple protein-polysaccharide conjugates with potential to be used as vaccines, we needed to have a first hand knowledge of local distribution of these pathogens. For this purpose, we developed a nested multiplex PCR targeting 5 different genes for differential diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens which has been optimized to be directly applicable on clinical blood samples. Out of 42 multiplex PCR positive blood samples, 26, 9, and 2 were Vi-positive S. Typhi, Vi-negative S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, respectively and 5 patients were found to have mixed infection. Seventeen patients grew Salmonella from blood culture and the remaining 25 were positive in the Salmonella specific PCR. Tests with several common pathogens confirmed the specificity of the assay. We conclude that the proposed multiplex PCR is rapid, sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples. Detection of Vi negative strains of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A among typhoidal patients suggested the need to work on vaccines which are not based on Vi polysaccharide only. Therefore, O-specific polysaccharides (OSP) purified from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A were conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (DT) using adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as linker, and evaluated for immunogenicity in mice. Use of DT as carrier protein for Salmonellae has not been reported before. S. Typhi OSP-AH-DT conjugate 1 and 2 elicited significantly higher IgG anti-LPS ELISA titer (P = 0.0241 and 0.0245 respectively) than polysaccharide alone. The injection schedule-B (three injections with 4-weeks interval) was found better than schedule-A (three injections with 2-weeks interval). The conjugate of S. Paratyphi A OSP with DT without linker molecule did not elicit sufficient immune response to be used as conjugate vaccine candidate while antibody response against S. Paratyphi A OSP-A H-DT c onjugate was found significantly higher (P = 0.0446) than polysaccharide alone.