مرزا سلطان احمد
افسوس ہے کہ اعظم گڑھ کی ممتاز مقبول شخصیت مرزا سلطان احمد صاحب رٹائر ممبر بورڈ آف ریونیو نے طویل علالت کے بعد گزشتہ ۱۷؍ فروری کو انتقال کیا وہ پرانے علیگ اور اپنے زمانہ کے لائق ترین عہدہ داروں میں تھے، اپنی قابلیت سے ڈپٹی کلکٹری سے کلکٹری اور بورڈ کی ممبری تک ترقی کی اور جہاں رہے اپنی دیانتداری اور شرافت سے مقبول و نیک نام رہے، بڑے عہدہ داروں میں ایسے شریف اور خلیق انسان کم دیکھنے میں آئے ہیں، ان کا خمیر ہی اخلاق و شرافت سے گوندھا گیا تھا، ادنی و اعلیٰ ہر شخص کے ساتھ ان کا اخلاق یکساں تھا، ہر ملنے والے کے ساتھ کوئی نہ کوئی ایسی خصوصیت ضرور برتتے تھے جس سے اس کو یہ محسوس ہوتا کہ وہ اس کے ساتھ خاص تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔
بڑے وضعدار، فیاض اور مہمان نواز تھے جس سے جس قسم کے تعلقات تھے، اس کو عمر بھر نباہا، ملازمت کے زمانہ میں ان کا دستر خوان بڑا وسیع اور گھر مستقل مہمان خانہ تھا، ان کے اعزہ و احباب میں سے کوئی نہ کوئی ان کے یہاں مستقل مقیم رہتا تھا اور جس کو ضرورت ہوتی اس کی نقدی سے بھی مدد کرتے تھے، ہر حاجت مند کی مدد کے لیے ہر وقت تیار رہتے تھے اور اس کے لیے ایسے کام کر گزرتے تھے جس کی ہمت ہر شخص نہیں کرسکتا، وہ بڑے تنخواہ دار تھے لیکن جو کچھ کمایا سب صرف کردیا، اعظم گڑھ میں دو ہی ایسے شخص تھے جنھوں نے بہت پیدا کیا، مگر اپنے بعد کچھ نہیں چھوڑا، ایک مرزا صاحب، دوسرے اقبال سہیل مرحوم ملازمت سے ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد حکومت نے ان کے سامنے پبلک سروس کمیشن کی ممبری پیش کی، مگر انھوں نے وطن چھوڑنا پسند نہ کیا اور اعظم...
Many people propagate about the Islamic Hudūd i.e. Punish against crimes stated in the Holy Quran. They are of the view that the Islamic Hudūd punishments are more severe, cruel a brutal. Although it a propaganda against Islam. This negative propaganda is an obstacle, hindrance in the way of enforcement of Hudūd. If the Islamic Hudūd are compared with the other Religions, punishments for different crimes, which have been mentioned in their books and Religious history, they are either similar or more sever and brutal than Islamic Hudūd, i.e. Punishment. It show that more sever & cruel punishments against crimes were present in heavenly and man-made Religious before Islam. The research under consideration is about the comparison and contrast between Islamic punishments and the punishments present the international or worldly Religions so that it may be cleared to the whole world that only Islam is a Religion in the world that no other Religion can compete regarding prevention of crimes. It will highlight the sublimity and loftiness of Islam and also make it clear the fact of hollow, attractive slogans of the present modern time.
On our way to switching from single-server to multi-server authentication, one of the great challenges is to design a secure and computationally efficient multi-server authentication protocol. Multi-server Authentication (MSA) relieves the user of separate and individualized registration procedures from various service providers in a network. Following MSA paradigm, a user gets registered from a trusted authority first, and then the former may benefit itself from any service being offered by any service provider without registering again, engendering overhead efficiency. Another objective for switching towards multi-server architecture was to relieve the user of maintaining multiple passwords as much as the number of servers. A robust MSA architecture makes the access of sever-oriented network services not only convenient but also readily available for users. The remote internet authentication often entails the type of multiserver authentications, which further underscores the need of MSA protocol’s efficiency and robustness against threats. The service providers in an MSA-based network authenticate and verify the users on the basis of credentials provided by Registration Centre (RC) to the users during registration phase. In traditional MSA protocols, service providers consult online RC for verifying the user’s authenticity after receiving a login request. Besides, we witness MSA protocols where RC is bypassed during mutual authentication between user and service provider. The latter class of schemes takes less communicational cost and eliminates few bottlenecks, perceptibly, due to bypassing trusted RC from mutual authentication phase. The research academia came up with many authentication protocols lately, to enhance security and minimizing communicational overhead. However, the presented solutions are costly due to employing expensive bilinear operations, on the first hand. Besides, there are light-weight MSA protocols as well, nevertheless bearing many other drawbacks making those protocols unfit for practical implementations. We address these problems by presenting a novel multi-server authentication protocol framework that is not only efficient but also free of the hassle of key management and distribution problems. The protocol framework comprises a blend of the usage of selected crypto-primitives, messages and participating entities in such a way that leads to overall efficiency and achieves the security objectives as well. In this dissertation, we present state-ofthe-art review on MSA-based protocols and then propose corresponding protocols to address the above limitations. Our proposed work not only contributes a light-weight multi-server authentication protocol framework that could establish mutual authentication without RC engagement, but also improves upon many MSA schemes (Trusted and Non-trusted environment) to enhance security and reduce communication or computational delay for establishment of an authenticated session key between user and server. To prove the security claims, the formal security analysis is performed for each protocol and the results are also validated and verified using automated simulation tools.