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Feasibility Study for Establishment of Special School in District Sargodha

Thesis Info

Author

Muahmmad Nawaz Jhujh, Malik

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1999

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

37

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 371.9 MUF; Publisher: Deptt. of Special Education, Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710083366

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کارِ سعادت

کارِ سعادت
قیاس ذاتی کسی بھی اعتراض گزار کی بنیادی قوت ہوتی ہے جسے وہ شعور (خود ساختہ شعور جو آرٹ کے درجے میں ہے) کے ذریعے کسی معروضی حقیقتِ مطلق کو اپنے شعور کے مطابق قیاس کر کے مسرور ہوتا ہے تبھی کہا جاتا ہے خود سے یگانگی حقیقت سے بیگانگی کے مترادف ہوتی ہے۔ ہرہیچ مدان و ناتواں کو اپنے عقلِ کل ہونے کا زعم وقوف سے عاری کرتا ہے اس لیے مضحکہ خیز اعتراضات کو فتوحات گردانتا ہے۔ حالاں کہ راست علم ہمیشہ کسی واقعی معروض کی تمیز سے اٹھتا ہے یعنی موجود پر قوتِ امتیاز یا وجدانی ادراک کے ذریعے جوہر کے اسما و شناخت کا سفر طے کیا جاتا ہے۔ ہر چند ہر مذہب موضوعِ علم بننے کی پوری استطاعت رکھتا ہے۔ ہاں مگر ناظر کاصاحبِ وجدان ہونا ازحد ضروری ہوتا ہے۔ چوں کہ ہر قضیہ وجدانی ادراک کے متحرک ہونے سے جنم لیتا ہے۔ ہم زمان و مکان کا ادراک اسی استعداد کی تحریک سے کرتے ہیں۔ اسی لیے ایک طے شدہ امر ہے کہ شعور ِ علمی کی تشکیل میں خارجی معروض کا ہونا بنیادی حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ اگر خارجی معروض اور اس سے منسوب شعورِ انسانی میں مطابقت نہ ہو تو قضیہ کے بجائے بے بنیاد مناقشات ظہور کرتے ہیں ،جن پہ خارجی واقعیت دلالت نہیں کرتی اور نتیجہ خیز حقانیت کی راہیں بھی برابر مسدود ہوتی جاتی ہیں۔ جب معترضین اپنے خود ساختہ علم کا قابلِ قبول شعور پیدا کرنے سے قاصر ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کی غلط توجیہات پر قانع ہونے کے شعور سے بھی ہاتھ دھو بیٹھتے ہیں۔ اکثر یوں ہوتا ہے کہ نظریاتی تسکین جب بھی ضرورت سے زیادہ بڑھ جاتی ہے تو معیاری اور یقینی علم کو محال کر دیتی ہے۔
اعتراض محاذ تب بنتا ہے جب علمی کے بجائے ذاتی تسکین...

The Role of Ubuntu Ethics in Promoting Citizenship Values: An Investigation into the Foundations of Social Harmony

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

Microbial Degradation of Polyester Based Biodegradable Plastics

The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize microorganisms capable of degrading polyester-based biodegradable plastics under natural soil conditions. Two fungi, designated as strain SS2 and S45, were isolated from soil that could degrade various polyesters of natural as well as synthetic origin, both in emulsion as well as film form. Strain SS2 and S45 were identified through 18S rRNA gene sequencing and found closely similar to Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., having 100 and 99% similarity with Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. P. oxalicum SS2 could efficiently degrade polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) emulsion as well as films in liquid medium within 36-48 hrs. The fungus showed maximum growth and degradation at 30°C that represented its mesophilic nature. Furthermore, the role of P. oxalicum SS2 in degradation of polyester films in soil environment was evaluated by soil burial experiment in lab-built microcosms where the fungus degraded PHB and PHBV films in 7 days. Aspergillus fumigatus strain S45 showed degradation potential against poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and polyurethane (PU). Bio-augmentation of the fungus in soil accelerated biodegradation of PCL film. While measurement of weight loss and evolution of CO2 showed breakdown of PU film upon inoculation with S45. The biodegradation of polyesters was further confirmed through various qualitative assays such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Aspergillus fumigatus strain S45 was found to show esterase activity during biodegradation of PU. This study demonstrated soil as a reservoir for polyester-degrading microorganisms which could be utilized for the development of novel waste management strategies.