أثر مؤشرات التغري املناخي يف انتشار بعض اإلمراض املعدية يف حمافظة ذي قار

The study examines the impact of climate change on the spread of some diseases in Thi- Qar Province through collecting and analyzing data about various weather elements and phenomena of some monitoring stations ( Nasiriyah ) for a high-temperature climatic cycle of 78 years (1941-2018). It is divided into seven consecutive and different time periods, 1941-1951, 1952-1962, and 1963-1973, 1974-1984, 1985-1995, 1996-2006, 2007-2018. These elements and phenomena are solar radiation, temperatures (maximum and minimum), wind (Dust storm, rising dust, suspended dust), and the thermal extremes phenomenon (heat and cold waves) The research aims to reveal the reality of trends in climate of the province of thi qar, and find out the reality of the general trend of the elements of climatic different by relying on a series of evidence statistical number of climatic variables for the meteorological station in Nasiriyah especially temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and rainfall, and extreme dust The most important results of the research showed that temperatures trending upward in sync with a clear reduction in the amount of relative humidity and rainfall which threatens a sharp repeating the phenomenon of drought in the future. The research study has found that the City of Nasiriyah ranked first in human diseases for the period 2009-2018, as the reasons for this level of diseases include that Nasiriyah is subject to the recurrence of dusty weather phenomena due to its proximity to the Western Desert Plateau, as well as the lack of cultivated and water-covered areas. This city witnesses serious air pollutions due to the concentration of a large number of factories located near inhabited areas, as well as, the spread of brick factories in the regions of the city, such as, brick factories in the area of El-Islah. This is public services, in addition to the building projects, deterioration of sewage overflow, the spread of epidemics and insects harmful to human health, other climatic environmental pollutants, such as the spread of pollen, plant scents and air allergens, which contributed to the increase in the severity of skin diseases, climate eyes, arthritis and respiratory allergies. The city of Al-Shatra ranked second in the number of people with climatic diseases, Al-Rifai ranked third with infected cases, Souk Al-Shuyoukh ranked fourth, and finally Al-Jibayish ranked fifth and last in people with climatic human diseases for the period 2009-2018 in Dhi- qar province due to the same geographical, climatic, medical, and environmental causes indicated earlier.

Improved Meshless Methods and Their Engineering Applications

The research work undertaken in this dissertation is comprised of two parts. The first part is concerned about the comparative study of weak and strong meshless formulations for the numerical solution of elliptic boundary value problems. Meshless methods based on weak and strong formulation provide alternate numerical solution procedures to the well established solution techniques, such as finite element methods, finite difference methods, boundary element methods and finite volume methods. The meshless weak formulation considered in this dissertation is the well-known element free Galerkin method whereas, a strong meshless formulation chosen, is the local radial basis functions collocation method. The weak meshless formulation in the form of the element free Galerkin method is proposed while incorporating the new numerical quadrature technique based on multi-resolution Haar wavelets for approximating the displacement and strain modeled by elliptic boundary value problems in one- and two-dimensional spaces. The element free Galerkin method with numerical integration based on Gaussian quadrature has also been implemented for the numerical solution of the elliptic boundary value problems. In addition, a meshless collocation method has also been proposed in strong form using the local radial basis functions collocation method for the numerical solution of the elliptic boundary value problems. A comparative study in terms of accuracy and stability of both the weak and strong meshless formulations is carried out for the elliptic boundary value problems in one- and two-dimensional spaces. The second part of the research work undertaken in this thesis is focused on the applications of meshless methods for the solutions of solid mechanics and structural optimization problems. The element free Galerkin method with numerical integration based on Haar wavelets is also used to solve one- and two-dimensional elasto-static problems. Numerical solution obtained with these methods is in excellent agreement with analytical solution. Further, the element free Galerkin method is implemented with level set method for the two-dimensional structural optimization problems for minimum compliance design. The shape and topological sensitivities are obtained by the element free Galerkin method. The proposed topology optimization method is capable of automatically inserting holes during the optimisation process using the topological derivative approach. The structural geometry is updated through the numerical solution of modified Hamilton-Jacobi type partial differential equation by the level set method. Furthermore, the element free Galerkin method has also been combined with radial basis functions in the frame work of level set method for the solution of two-dimensional structural optimization problems. Furthermore, the finite element method has also been coupled with local radial basis functions based level set method. The original Hamilton-Jacobi equation has been transformed into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. To highlight the associated advantages and disadvantages of the radial basis functions in the framework of level set method, a comparative study has also been carried out. The proposed methods are implemented for the optimal solutions of different types of structures with application of single and multiple loads.