91. Al-Shams/The Sun
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
91:01
a. By the sunrise and its brightness,
91:02
a. and the moon as it follows it,
91:03
a. and the daylight as it displays its brightness,
91:04
a. and the nighttime as it covers it,
91:05
a. and the celestial realm and how HE built it,
91:06
a. and the earth and how HE spread it out,
91:07
a. and the soul and how HE formed it perfectly,
91:08
a. and inspired it - the soul - with its instincts of
- evil/vice - whatever will lead it away from the truth, and
- piety - whatever will keep it close to the truth.
91:09
a. Indeed, the one who purifies one’s soul of evil will succeed in the Sight of Allah,
91:10
a. and the one who corrupts one’s soul with evil will fail in the Sight of Allah.
91:11
a. The Tribe of Thamud denied and belied their Prophet Saleh
b. through their transgression.
Surah 91 * Ash-Shams 739
91:12
a. When the most wretched among them rushed forward -
b. to maim and savagely kill the she-camel.
91:13
a. And, the Messenger of Allah - Saleh - told them:
b. This is ‘the she-camel of Allah!’
c. Give her time to drink’ at the wells.
91:14
a. But they denied and belied him, and
b. maimed and savagely killed her.
c. So their...
The present study is divided into two main sections; the first section will give a general overview about the figurative language and more focus on metaphor (istiᶜārah in Arabic) because the metaphor is considered as one of the most literary devices and the main category of the figurative language. So in this study has given various definitions of figurative language and metaphor according to Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists and along with this explained Al-sukākī’s classification of metaphor which is little close to Al-Jurjānī’s classification of metaphor and view respectably among Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists. The second section of this study deals with metaphors given in Holy Qur'ān, which are denoted according to Al-sukākī’s classification in this respect. In this reference the verses are presented with detailed tafsīrī literature so the reader could well comprehend the purposes and the classical aspect of metaphors in text and also could evaluate linguistic architecture of Holy Qur'ān.
Considering the urban growth G = G (P, E) as a function of population growth P and environmental and climatic change E the thesis studies the urban growth of Karachi by studying the variations of P and E for Karachi and their interactions. Though, the scope of E is large we keep restricting to temperature variations only. Karachi is worth studying because of its high population growth rate and evidences of climatic variability. Chapter 1 looks into the trends of urban population growth of Karachi in global, regional and national perspectives by using Reciprocal Logarithmic Model, Polynomial Models and Exponential Growth Rate Model. The population growth rate of Karachi is forecasted for (2011-2020) with the help of annual growth rate model. Chapter 2 studies the district and town wise population-area relationship using Hoover indices and Lorenz curves. It also studies the population density distribution of Towns and slums (Katchi-Abadies) of Karachi. It is found that the town wise pattern is better than the district wise distribution. The population density distribution of 18 towns of Karachi is studied with the help of Flatten Gradient Density Model and Spatial Interaction Models, the probability of change of the population density of the towns is studied with the help of Spatial Interaction Model. Global Flatten Gradient Density Model is developed to determine population densities of KKAs, results are verified by log linear and linear exponential transformation models. Chapter, 3 studies the variations of urban land temperature (ULT) of Karachi and the xiArabian Sea surface temperature (SST) in the vicinity of Karachi using linear as well as non liner models. The probabilistic behavior of the two data sets is also explored. Comparing the variations of ULT of Karachi and less populated city of Hyderabad it is tried to find that whether the rise of temperature of Karachi is a consequence of heavy urbanization. Our ARIMA forecasts for SST predicts the months of May, June, July, August and some days in October for the year 2010 to show extreme temperatures which is confirmed by the actual 2010 records. For the long run our models predict warm summers in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2019. A good correlation exists between urban land and sea surface temperatures. Chapter 4 studies one of the possible consequences of the increase in SST. On the basis of 120 years data of frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea this study investigates the possibility of increase in the frequency of cyclones. Trends for May, June, October, and November are found to be significantly increasing. The Persistency of the data is tested with the help of Hurst exponents. For the above mentioned months the Hurst exponents range between 0.83 and 0.98 indicating a high level of persistency. The chapter ends with a study of possible impacts of the increasing frequency of Arabian Sea cyclones on the coastal towns of Karachi studied. It is found that Bin Qasim town is most vulnerable in view of its long coastal length (11 Km) and Saddar and Clifton towns(509,915) is most vulnerable in view of its large population. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis and mentions the future aspects.