خس وخشاک زمانے
پاکستان میں 2010ء میں منظر عام پر آنے والا ناول خس وخاشاک زمانے مستنصر حسین تارڑ نے تحریر کیا۔ایک ایسا ناول جس میں لاہور کی منظر نگاری کی گئی ہے لاہور میں رہنے والوں کا ماحول ،رہن سہن اور گاؤں سے آنے والے وہ افراد جو روزگار کی تلاش میں بڑے شہروں کی طرف اپنا رخ کرتے ہیں اور پھر کس طرح ان کی زندگی گزرتی ہے، ان کوکن مسائل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ان تمام باتوں کو بہت خوبصورتی سے خس وخاشاک زمانے میں مصنف نے اپنا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ناول میں مصنف نے دنیا پور سے آئے ہوئے لوگوں کے بارے میں بتایا ہے کہ وہ سبزی منڈی آتے ہیں اور لاہور سبزی منڈی میں اپنا سارا مال بیچ کر شام کی ٹرین سے واپس اپنے گاؤں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں۔مصنف ان لوگوں کی طرف اشارہ کرتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آپ کو بلند سمجھتے ہیں یعنی جاٹ برادری سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔خود کو تمام ذاتوں سے اعلیٰ اور باقی تمام ذاتوں کو خود سے کمتر اور اپنا خادم تصور کرتے ہیں۔مصنف نے بتایا ہے کہ جب یہی لوگ اپنے گاؤں سے شہر میں آکر آباد ہو جاتے ہیں تو انھیں شہر کی تنگ گلیوں اور چھوٹے مکانوں کو دیکھتے ہوئے اپنے گاؤں کے کھلے گھر اور گوبر کی بدبوئیں یاد آتی ہیں۔
’’خس وخاشاک زمانے ‘‘کو پاکستان کی ایک ایسی کہانی کہا جاسکتا ہے کہ جو معاشرے کی تہذیبی واخلاقی اقدار اور پھر معاشرے میں بدلتے ہوئے اخلاقی رویوں کو بیان کرتی ہے۔ ناول میں دو خاندانوں کی کہانی کو بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کو موضوع بناتے ہوئے اس نے ان حقائق سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جن پر بات کرنا معیوب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔کہانی نسلوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ایک داستان کی...
The aim of Hijrah is philosophically viewed as a way to spread Islam wisely. This was by Allah’s guidance and directive amidst the very bitter atmosphere in Makkah at that time against the early followers of the Islamic religion brought by the Rasulullah (pbuh). The prophetic Hijrah observed from the way it impacted Makkah and Madinah’s societies can be construed as a very important event that provided us with a variety of messages. It also acts as a reflection of our contributions to da’wah and the roles we can assume as good Muslims, by looking at what the Rasulullah (pbuh) and his companions had themselves sacrificed in the Hijrah. In short, Al-Hijra is the time when the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers moved from Makkah to Madinah, where they set up the first Islamic state. Islam needed to expand and spread in the world, so the migration resulted in the expansion and preservation of Islam and Muslims. The Rasulullah (pbuh) migrated to Madinah when his enemies in Makkah mistreated him and his followers. It is a fact that the early Muslims in Makkah were greatly troubled by the unbelievers of Quraisy, the tribe of the Prophet (pbuh). The Rasulullah’s (pbuh) popularity in his da'wah efforts to invite his people to Islam was seen as threatening by the people in power in Makkah. The context of Hijrah was seen as urgent and timely as the unbelievers in Makkah had escalated the persecution against Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers. This persecution and a directive from Allah were the main reasons for the migration.
The inquisitive nature of human compelled the nature to bestow myriads of resources and commodities to man. Since yonks ago, the human have been fully dependent on the earth’s ecosystem. Shortly, among the most productive natural sources, the extraordinary role of plants is prettily inevitable. Besides providing the food, shelter and living, the plants also provide health ameliorating entities known as drugs or medicine. The drugs from the plant sources are literally known as herbal medicine. Based on the very importance of herbal medicine, one of the scantly explored herb i.e., Rumex hastatus, which belongs to family Polygonaceae has been investigated over here in the terms of phytochemistry and anticancer aspects. As a lot of knowledge has been transferred from the previous era to the modern world via ethnobiology. So the R. hastatus has also been explored based on the ethnomedicine (traditional medicine) to authenticate its purported traditional uses especially for anticancer purposes. In the current study, different samples of R. hastatus have been investigated i.e., the crude sample, the solvent fractions of crude sample, the essential oil and the pure compounds. The crude sample was collected via maceration process while the isolation of essential oil was carried out following hydrodistillation via Clevenger apparatus. The fractions of different solvents have been obtained using successive solvent extraction procedure via separating funnel. Similarly, the compounds were obtained via bioassay guided isolation procedure through gravity columns with the help of thin layer chromatography. The compounds obtained were purified with pen/pencil column or small diameter gravity columns. The pure compounds obtained were identified with various techniques i.e., Mass spectroscopy, carbon NMR and proton NMR. Four compounds i.e., SA-1, SA-2, SA-3 and SA-4 were properly identified and structurally elucidated. Three compounds were in sufficient quantities, which were subjected to various anticancer assays. The anticancer assays were based on mechanistic approach. The assays performed were MTT assay, Comet assay, CAM assay, antitumor assay, anti-mutagenic assay, apoptosis assay, antithrombin assay, intercalation assay and antioxidant assay. Before these assays the phytochemical screening was carried out for the detection of different types of secondary metabolites in the samples. The screening of samples was also performed to figure out the presence of heavy metals and their amounts were figured out. The samples were also tested for acute toxicity via mice animal model. The investigations revealed that two compounds SA-1 and SA-2 were highly active against cancer cells. The SA-3 was found to be the least active compound against cancer. If we go to the detail of the test compounds, the SA-1 was found to have 46% antiangiogenic, 85% antimutagenic, 75% antioxidant, 61% antithrombin, 41% antitumor, 50% apoptosis, 42% necrosis, 67% cytotoxicity by MTT, 118/200 comet score and significant intercalation to DNA at the highest test concentration. The SA-2 has revealed 41% antiangiogenic, 70% antimutagenic, 55% antioxidant, 53% antithrombin, 37% antitumor, 61% apoptosis, 22% necrosis, 53% cytotoxicity my MTT, 91/200 comet score and moderate intercalation to DNA. The acute toxicity assay produce no visible anomaly, toxicity or lethality, while the heavy metals analysis revealed the presence of heavy metals within the permissible limits as per WHO guidelines. Based on the results of anticancer activities with various mechanisms, it may be deduced that the SA-1 was quite active against cancer and mechanistically we can say that SA-1 is strongly antimutagenic i.e., it quenches the the mutagens or carcinogens. Secondly we can see that the SA-1 has a significant antioxidant potential so it also inhibit the free radicals. Thirdly, it has also been demonstrated to cause cytotoxicity significantly. Similarly, In regards to the possible mechanistism, the SA-1 have the ability to bind with the genetic material, to quench the mutagens, to inhibit the free radicals, to inhibit the thrombin, to cause cytoxicity, to cause programmed cell death and necrosis, to break down the DNA. The SA-1 also moderately inhibit the neovascularization i.e., new blood vessels formation and inhibit the tumor. So the SA-1 has been found to possess highest potential for quenching the mutagens and inhibit the mutagenesis while the lowest potential has been found against tumorigenesis. Similarly, the SA-2 has also been demonstrated with moderate anticancer potential with the highest potential against mutagenesis and lowest potential to induce necrosis. Both of the compounds SA-1 and SA-2 have been verified in the current investigational studies to combat cancer especially the cervical and colon cancer with no toxicity profile. So further work should be performed by the dosage form designers for these compounds to hit the market.