خواتین کے ساتھ مروجہ معاشرتی رویوں کا اسلامی تعلیمات کے تناظر میں جائزہ

Women have played an important role in the society sine time immemorial. In our era they are faced with even more responsibility but at the same time are also confronted with a lot of problems. In our part of the world some cultural attitudes still discourage them from getting their established rights. The factors responsible for this phenomenan interalaia include societal norms, orthodoxy and some social customs contrary to Islamic instructions. For instance discrimination against women could be in terms of inadequate nutrition, denial or limited access to education, health and property rights, child labour, domestic violence and forceful marriage. The Islamic instructions, derived from the Qur’┐n and Sunnah, clearly describe women’s rights but, due to some socio-religious customs and undesirable behaviour, her societal status and role has been badly affected. In this paper, some social customs have been analyzed in the context of Islamic instructions in order to provide academic material for bringing positive change in the society.

Poststructuralist and Postcolonial Analysis of the Myth of Objectivity of Anglo-American Literary Tradition

Poststructuralist and Postcolonial Analysis of the Myth of Objectivity of Anglo-American Literary Tradition Anglo-American Literary Tradition is humanist, mimetic, teleological and canonical. Humanism manifests itself in its emphasis on individual as a unified entity and a rational being and culminates in valorizing the author and the reader. Mimesis signifies representation, depiction, presentation, realism, correspondence, and resemblance. Mimetic view of language suggests that language describes and represents reality objectively. Anglo-American Literary Tradition is canonical. Shakespeare is presented as the centre of Western literary canon and is considered as indispensable to the western culture as Christ is to Christianity. Teleology reflects itself in the concern among the western critics and authors for the maintenance of form of literature and its role in life. The objectivity of Anglo-American Literary Tradition implies that it is neutral, impersonal and universal. Poststructuralism challenges and subverts the traditional concepts of language, author, text, meaning and reading practices. It exposes the western culture to be phonocentric, phallocentric and logocentric. Postmodernism denies all claims to objectivity, universality and teleology. It denies all truth claims and privileges hyper-reality. Postcolonial criticism exposes western art and literature to be complicit in the colonization project. The postcolonial critics show how the myths of universality and objectivity were enlisted in projecting western culture and ideology through art and literature in the once colonized world. Shakespeare was imposed on the colonized people as a source of universal values. His works were projected as embodying human nature. Shakespeare was enrolled in the colonization project for his valorizing western race and culture and condemnation of people of other cultures and religions. Presence of racist and colonial content in his work has seriously dented his reputation as champion of humanity. The critics from the postcolonial world are taking Shakespeare to task for his involvement in race politics.