کُتبِ اُصول حدیث اکیسویں صدی میں ؛ایک تعارفی جائزہ An Introductory Review of the Books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth in 2ist Century

Muslims are a unique nation in the world who have shown unparalleled activism in preserving their sayings and relics. Caution was in view from day one. The simple precautionary measures taken in the early days later took the form of theology. In the beginning, the principles and rules of this knowledge did not exist in a disciplined form, although the scholars of Muḥaddithin adhered to the basic principles of this knowledge from the very beginning. However, references to these principles were to be found in the books of the pious. In the 4th Hijri, the scholars of Muhaddithin compiled the previous scattered work on the art of the principle of Ḥadith. Now these comprehensive definitions and terms are before us in a systematic and disciplined form in the books of ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth. In this short essay, the definition and necessity and importance of Hadith and ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth have been highlighted and also an introductory review of books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth th and their authors and authors has been presented. Which indicates this. How strict were the rules and regulations of the Muslim Ummah for examining the authenticity and text of the Holy Hadith and how did they separate the authentic, weak and subject matter of the hadiths and write their separate books? And how hard they have worked to promote art.

Biochemical and Radio Labeling Studies of Venom Naja Naja Karachiensis With its Neutralization by Medicinal Plants of Pakistan

Biochemical and Radio Labeling Studies of Venom Naja naja karachiensis with its Neutralization by Medicinal Plants of Pakistan Background Snake bite envenomation is one of the vivid examples of neglected occupational hazards that accounts for tens of thousands of deaths all over the world. One of such instance is Naja naja karachisis bite, a nightmare for the inhibitants of Southern Punjab (Paksitan), often endup with countless deaths and sequela. To address this problem present study was designed to highlight scientific grounds for Naja naja karachisis envenomation and to rationalize folklore claimed Pakistani medicinal plants as a first aid treatment before proper hospitalization. Methods Proteomic characterization of Naja naja karchiensis venom was carried out with electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and HPLC (SEC & RP-HPLC) coupled LC-MS/MS whereas inorganic constituents were quantified with ICP-OES technique. Bio distribution and kinetic profile of venom was monitored with short lived radiotracer (99mTc) via direct radio isotopic binding technique. Lethal biological effects of crude venom were examined in terms of its LD50, hemolytic and anticoagulant behavior while toxic biochemical parameters (in vivo), towards liver (AST & ALT), heart (CK-MB & LDH) and kidneys (urea & creatinine) damage were investigated by following the recommendations of DGKC and IFCC methods. Venom was analyzed for different enzymatic activities (PLA2, ALPase, 5ʹ-ND, hyaluronidase and protease) by adopting conventional biochemical assays (in vitro). Twenty eight medicinal plants of Pakistan were extracted with methanol by simple maceration process and thereafter used to reverse deleterious actions of cobra venom. RP-HPLC coupled bioassay guided fractionation technique was used to characterize bioactive constituent/metabolite(s), responsible for anti-PLA2 activity in Bauhinia variegata L extract.