کلرکوں کا غیر منصفانہ رویہ
مصنف نے ناول میں ایسے کلرکوں کا ذکر کیا ہے جو سالہاسال سیٹ پر براجمان رہتے ہیں اور کام بھی کوئی نہیں کرتے۔ ولیم ایسے کلرکوں کو سخت ناپسند کرتا تھا اور بات پہ بات وہ اپنے کلرک نجیب شاہ کو اس کے حلیہ کے بارے میں آگاہ کرتا رہتاتھا۔ مگر نجیب شاہ پہ اس کا کوئی اثر نہ تھا۔ولیم کا خیال تھا کہ شاید پندرہ سال کے بعد تمام کلرک ایک جیسے ہی دکھنے لگتے ہیں۔مصنف نے دونوں کرداروں کے ذریعے کلرکوں کا طریقہ کار بتایا ہے۔ ان کا رہن ،سہن آدھے سر سے گنجے پیٹ ضرورت سے زیادہ باہر جو مسلسل بیٹھے رہنے کی وجہ سے باہر نکل آیا ہوا تھا، عینک کے شیشے موٹے موٹے جو کہ کبھی صاف بھی نہیں کرتے یا پھر سر کا تیل عینک کے شیشوں کا دھندلائے رکھتا ہے۔یاکچھ اس طرح سے مصنف بات کو رخ دیتے ہیں کہ کلرک چاہتا ہے کہ عینک صاف نہ ہونا ہی بہتر ہے۔ بے رونق چہرہ ایک تو ایماندار نہ ہونا اور دوسرا چہرہ مسلسل استرے کے استعمال سے اس قدر سخت کہ کراہت کا احساس ہوتا ہے اور سب سے زیادہ کراہت کا احساس تب ہوتا ہے جب ناک کے بال بھی نتھوں سے باہر جھانک رہے ہوتے ہیں۔کلرک دیہی علاقوں میں یہ عہدہ سرکاری ملازمین کی نچلی سطح پر ہوتا ہے۔اگر برطانوی حکومت کی بات کی جائے تو انھیں ولیج افسر کہا جاتا تھااور یہ انتہائی با اثر ہوتے تھے کہ تاریخ میں یہ لوگ حکومت کے لیے کان اور آنکھ کا کام کرتے تھے۔دیہات میں زمینی کاروائی اور دیکھ بھال والا ہوتا ہے۔ماضی میں بھی یہ لوگ اتنے با اثر رہے ہیں ،موجودہ صورتحال میں بھی انہیں زیادہ اثرورسوخ مل گیا ہے اور یہ لوگوں کا ایسے فائدہ اٹھاتے...
Of all the leaders who came to rule Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto has been only second to the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in terms of receiving attention from authors of different types—biographers, journalists, researchers, and professional historians. While many prime ministers of the country have remained in oblivion even though some of them deserved to be studied seriously given their contribution to the country’s political development, Bhutto was regularly made the subject of studies both within the country and abroad. A number of Ph.D theses have been done on him and his rule. The number of books written by various authors expressing different shades of opinion are simply uncountable. Being the founder of the nation, Jinnah was treated by and large, over an extended period of the country’s history, and by a majority of writers, as a national hero whose role in history was highlighted in the manner in which the nationalist historians write about the national heroes. It was much later that Pakistani historians took to writing more professionally about the Father of the Nation. Quite interestingly, the Jinnah that emerged from these objective histories proved to be a more original and powerful historical figure as compared with his previous representation as a straightjacketed national hero. As compared to him, Bhutto became the subject of objective historical works right from the beginning. Of course, there have been books of hagiography written in his honor, but these are mainly from the pen of people belonging to his own political party or the ones who were overly inspired by his charisma. Then there are numerous books written by his diehard opponents, who leave no stone unturned in demolishing his image. Despite the diverse writings about him, ranging from one extreme to another, it is good, from the point of view of historical political writings on Pakistan, that with the
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), is the most important traditional and commercial vegetable in the Punjab, Pakistan. Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttulaL.)is a sucking pest of brinjal and has many host-crops, making an intensive vegetable production impossible. Study was conducted to determine spatio temporal distribution of jassid on the brinjal crop in the three sites (districts) i.e Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah during 2008. The population of jassid per leaf was counted on the weekly based and correlated with the weather factors. The highest level of population were maximum in Layyah (4.12/leaf), minimum in Multan (3.53/Leaf) and Faisalabad showed the intermediate development of the jassid population (3.89/leaf). The simple correlation showed that maximum, minimum and average temperature of all three areas viz Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah showed the positive and highly significant correlation with jassid. The relative humidity of Faisalabad was significant but negative correlation and its rain fall has negative but non significant correlation. While district Multan and Layyah both showed the negative and non-significant correlation with the relative humidity and rain fall. Next study was experimented in 2009 and 2010 in the field area of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS) University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for initial screening on 14 varieties of brinjal which showed the significant and different results from each other. The experiments were laid in RCBD with the 3 replication. The data was taken at weekly based. The data was correlated with weather factors for the population fluctuation. In the initial screening trial during 2009, the data was highly significant between the genotypes, dates of observations. Minimum populations were present at the Rubi (1.43/leaf) which showed the resistance response and the maximum populations of jassid were showed at the Bemissal (3.38/leaf) which showed the susceptible response. In the final screening experiment during 2010 the all genotype mostly showed the same type of observation as in 2009. Bemissal (3.36/leaf) recorded the maximum jassid population and the minimum numbers of jassid were recorded to be 1.42/ leaf on Rubi. The fruit yield were recorded maximum in the Rubi (81.00kg/plot) which showed the resistance response and minimum was recorded in the Bemissal (44.66kg/plot) which showed the susceptible response during 2009. The different physio-morphic characters which were recorded during 2010 i.e Hair density, length of hairs on lamina midrib and vein leaves showed negative and significant correlation with pest population of jassid on brinjal. Similarly moister % and plant height showed the negative correlation but significant in moister and non significant in plant height. While leaf area, number of primary branches and thickness of leaf lamina showed the positive and significant correlation with the jassid population. Hair density on lamina showed 78.2% role in the fluctuation population of brinjal jassid. The all chemical plant characters showed significant diffractions between the selected varieties. nitrogen, lipids, potassium, reducing sugar, phosphorus, calcium zinc, ADF, Cellulose, NDF, and Crude Fat showed negative and significant correlation but potassium and phosphorus has non-significant correlation. Whereas Ash contents, crude protein, copper, magnesium, Lignin had significant and positive correlation with the jassid population. The different control methods were applied such as use of resistance variety (Rubi, a comparatively resistant variety), cultural control, Biological control, Botanical control and the chemical insecticide in PARS and AARI during 2011. The experiment was laid in RCBD with the four replications. The applications of the treatments were done 3 times. To get the yield, picking has been done seven times in season. A mixture of treatments (Cultural control + spray with Imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant) showed the most successful results with the minimum jassid population/leaf on brinjal. While minimum control was shown in the cultural control with the high population of jassid. The combination of cultural control+ spray with imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant showed maximum yield of on the brinjal (166kg/plot) and minimum was recorded in the cultural control (91.97kg/ha). Application of treatment T11 gave the highest Cost Benefit Ratio 1:79 as compared to all others treatments.