Persecution of Press in Sindh: Case Study of Al-Waheed and Watan Newspapers during Political Movements, 1920-22

The purpose of this research was to study the persecution of press in Sindh during the currency of Pan-Indian political movements known as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, during 1920-22. In this regard the case study of two popular newspapers, Al-Waheed and Watan, were conducted to understand the mechanism of monitoring and controlling the newspapers in Sindh by the colonial rulers. The study explores the political landscape of Sindh in particular and India in general during those turbulent times as well as examines the state of journalism in the province at that time. With the help of the case study of two popular newspapers, the study highlights the mechanism adopted by the colonial government for monitoring and controlling the press in Sindh. In this regard the archival official records as well as translations of the critical articles published in those newspapers were accessed at the India Office Records (IOR) section of British Library, London. The methodology adopted for the current study mainly comprised historical, analytical and content analysis. The study concludes that the press in Sindh faced severe hardships at the hands of the British government through a coercive mechanism with active involvement and concurrence of all the capitals of Sindh’s governance, i.e. Karachi, Bombay, Delhi and London. The study is first of its kind that highlights the role played and sacrifices rendered by press in Sindh for the freedom of press during colonial rule in 192022. ______

Exploring Notions of Effective Mathematics Teaching Among Students, Teachers, and Head Teachers and Enactment of the Perceived Effective Teaching in the Selected Region of Gilgit-Baltistan

Teaching is a complex phenomenon as teachers perform a wide range of activities for variety of purposes. Understanding quality of mathematics teaching is even more complex as different people have different perceptions of 'effective' mathematics teaching. Educators from international context describe effective mathematics teaching a way teachers presents the subject matter to. the learners so it arouses their interest towards learning. Effective mathematics teaching for some is to provide caring environment where students learn mathematics independently and collaboratively. In other contexts, effective teaching is considered as engagement of students in worthwhile tasks to helps them create connections between different mathematical concepts and also between mathematics and everyday experiences. The literature review suggests that effective teaching is not a universal trait as its notion is different in different contexts. Also, it is very important to study notion of effective teaching among different stake holders within a context to make sense of teachers' and students' action in the class. The purpose of this study was to explore the notions of students, teachers and head teachers about effective mathematics teaching in union council Chatorkhand Gilgit-Baltistan. I selected three high schools two from government education department and one AKES, P school for this study. Six mathematics teachers, three head teachers and thirty six students participated in this study. I used semi structured interview and classroom observations to collect the data. The findings from the verbal data from students, teachers and head teachers reveal that these stakeholders to a great extent have similar notions about effective mathematics teaching. They all consider that collaborative interactive teaching is better for students' learning as compared to individualistic and teacher centered teaching. However, the classroom practice in that context does not fit with their understanding of best teaching. It seems that they do not teach in a manner which they consider best, though they still consider it their best teaching.