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Mhd Flow and Heat Transfer Ferro-Fluid Between Contracting and Rotating Disks

Thesis Info

Author

Sehrish Ali

Supervisor

Zaheer Abbas

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vii, 63.

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: 511.8 SEM; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710206555

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کچھ یادیں کچھ باتیں

کچھ یادیں کچھ باتیں
یہ اُن دنوں کی بات ہے جب میں رسمی تعلیم کے ایک مرحلے کی تکمیل کے بعد عملی زندگی میں قدم رکھنے کی جستجو میں تھا کہ میری ملاقات ایک ایسے شخص سے ہوئی جس نے زندگی میں درپیش مسائل سے نبردآزما ہونے میں بہت مدد کی اوراب بھی تادمِ تحریر اِن کے علمی و ادبی فیض سے استفادہ جاری ہے۔
جون ۱۹۹۲ئ؁ کی بات ہے کہ خالد بھٹی (مرحوم) نے اپنے حاوی کالج میں طلباء کی خوشنویسی کی تربیت کے لیے بطور خوش نویس معلم مجھے خدمات سر انجام دینے کے لیے آمادہ کیا اور اسی سلسلہ میں ایک اشتہار ’’حاوی کالج کی فخریہ پیشکش‘‘ تدریس ِ خطاطی کی باقاعدہ کلاس کی کتابت کے لیے خالد بھٹی کے ہمراہ اِن کی رہائش گاہ پر حاضر ہوا تو دیکھا کہ ایک تیس بتیس سالہ خوش شکل، خوش رنگ ، خوش لباس ، دبلا پتلا ، باریش شخص سامان کتابت کے ساتھ اپنی مسندِ خاص پر برا جمان ہے اور جلد ہی یہ احساس بھی ہوا کہ وہ خوش اخلاق اور مہمان نواز بھی ہے۔ ازاں بعد ملاقاتوں کا سلسلہ جاری رہا۔ رب کریم کی مجھ پر کرم نوازی ہوئی کہ مارچ ۱۹۹۳ئ؁ میں میں اُن کارفیق کا ر بن گیا اور ہم گورنمنٹ مڈل سکول نمبر ۲ میں اکٹھے رہے ۔ اُن سے رفاقت کا سلسلہ جیسے طول پکڑ تاگیا۔ اُن کی شخصیت کے ہر پہلو سے مجھے آشنائی ہوتی گئی ۔
۱۹۶۲ئ؁ میں عارف والا کے مضافاتی شہر چک نمبر ۳۷/ ای۔بی میں جنم لینے والا محمد اکرم جس نے ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے والدِ محترم سے حاصل کی اور محض چھ سال کی عمر میں والد کا سایہ سر سے اُٹھ گیا ۔ پھر یتیمی کی ستم ظریفی اور غریب الوطنی کی پُرخار راہوں سے گزرتے ہوئے میٹرک کا...

التحليل بأسلوب SWOT)) والخيارات الاستراتيجية لإدارة الأزمات: دراسة مفاهيمية نظرية

تناولت الدراسة أسلوب التحليل الاستراتيجي بأسلوب (SWOT) ومدى تأثيره فـي إدارة الأزمات والمتغيرات السريعة للبيئة داخلياً وخارجياً وبروزه كأداة لتشخيص الوضع الحالي وخيارات التأثير عـلى شكـل المستقبل، فـي ظل تباين وتعدد واستشراء الأزمات، تهدف الدراسة إلى التعريف بأسلوب التحليل (SWOT) وأهميته فـي تحليل الواقع واستشراف المستقبل وإتاحة الخيارات، تتلخص مشكـلة الدراسة فـي طرق استقراء البيئة فـي ظل وجود تطور فـي الأزمات، ويتضح ذلك بجلاء عند طول أمد الأزمات، ويتفرع مـنها ماهية أسلوب (SWOT) ودورة فـي استقراء الواقع وكيفـية الحد مـن الأزمات عبر التخطيط الاستراتيجي وماهية خيارات إدارة الأزمة. سلكت الدراسة المـنهج الوصفـي التحليلي الاستشرافـي. توصلت الدراسة لعدد مـن النتائج:: أن أسلوب (SWOT) يشخص البيئة الداخلية والخارجية ويستقرئ الفجوات ويقترح خيارات التعامل مع المستقبل، ويعد أسلوب (SWOT) ضروري لتفادي عنصر المـباغتة فـي إدارة الأزمات ووسيلة لتوضيح المتغيرات واستراتيجية لصنع القرار، يُعَدُّ أسلوب التحليل (SWOT) مـن أفضل أساليب التحليل التخطيط الاستراتيجي، لا سيما فـي إدارة الأزمات، لكونه يصوِّب الانحرافات ويعدِّد الخيارات فـي ظل ظروف عدم التأكد، وإن مـن أهم سمات التحليل (SWOT) توجيه الأنظار نحو ما تحتويه البيئة الداخلية والخارجية مـن فرص والتحديات ونقاط الضعف والقوة لتقويم العمل الإداري والفني بغية معالجتها والحد مـن آثارها.

Identification of Therapeutically Important Molecules Against Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer is the cancer that develops from breast tissues. Presence of a lump in breast tissue, discharge from the nipple or change in shape, size and color of breast are among the prominent signs of breast cancer.Several factors are responsible in increasing the risk of the development of breast cancer. These include obesity, alcohol uptake, lack of exercise, predisposing genes, and above all, female sex. A number of treatments are used for breast cancer, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and hormonal and targeted therapies. Intravenous chemotherapy which uses cytotoxic drugs is the hallmark of cancer treatment for decades. These cytotoxic agents mainly target rapidly dividing cells, and certain normal cells as well, thereby causing toxicities, such as myelosupression, gastrointestinal symptoms, and hair loss. Significant progress has been made in breast cancer treatment by using systemic agents (non-targeted therapies) and they are still the treatment of choice, despite the appearance of resistance to these treatments. In the recent past, there has been a dramatic shift in cancer therapy, from the use of cytotoxic agents to the development of targeted therapies. This was based on understanding the pathways involved in growth promotion, resistance to apoptosis, and invasive behavior of breast cancer cells. In the past decades, several molecular inhibitors have been identified and tested in clinical trials,that target cancer promoting molecules in cancer cells. Some of the targeted therapies for breast cancer include herceptin, gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinub, bevacizumab, cetuximab, pertuzumab, etc. These targeted therapies target one or more members of the EGFR family. Apart from using single chemotherapeutic agents, polychemotherapy is also used routinely by offering a survival advantage as compared to single agent therapy. Combination therapies significantly improve the therapeutic outcome because they are administered at suboptimal doses, and thus show less toxicities. The present study was carried out to identify new effective agents against breast cancer cells and also to develop new combination therapies that target specific proteins that serve as oncogenic drivers in breast cancer cells. Our focus was to target tyrosine kinases that serve as signaling molecules for the constitutive proliferation of various cancers, including breast cancer. We selected two breast cancer cell lines for our study i.e. (1) MCF-7, an invasive breast ductal carcinoma cell line expressing estrogen and progesterone receptors, and to a small extent expressing EGFR, and is thus hormone- dependent. (2) MDA-MB-231. It is a cell line that does not express estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptor, but it overexpresses an EGF dependent EGFR. In the first phase of the study, 1,200 fully characterized compounds were evaluated for their ctotoxicity against both breast cancer cell lines. Compounds showing the most potent activities were further selected for combination studies using three tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib, genistein, and erlotinib, to study the synergistic interactions between the compounds in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the second phase, successful synergistic combinations were selected for mechanistic studies. These combinations were tested for their apoptosis inducing potential, and it was found that these combinations significantly enhance the apoptotic death in breast cancer cells, as compared to the test compounds alone. These combinations were further tested for their effects on phosphotyrosylated proteome of the cells. The total phosphotyrosylated proteome was found to be unaffected, except for the diminishing expression in high molecular weight proteins. Based on these observation, the combinations were further tested for their effects on EGFR, and its phosphotyrosylated form (Y-1068). The combination of imatinib with endoperoxides and resveratrol was shown to inhibit the EGFR and P-EGFR expression on MDA-MB-231 cells, while in MCF-7 cells only P-EGFR expression was inhibited. Combination of genistein with one of the endoperoxide (Compound 34) was found to inhibit P-EGFR, but not EGFR in MCF-7 cells. Combination of erlotinib with thiazol derivatives (compounds 10, and 14) resulted in partial inhibition of EGFR, and complete inhibition of P-EGFR in MDA-MB-231 cells.Combination of erlotinib with a pyrimidine derivative (compound 30) resulted in complete inhibition of both EGFR and P-EGFR on MDA-MB-231 cells. Synergistic combinations were tested for their effect on caspases, involved in apoptosis induction of breast cancer cells. It was observed that in MDA-MB-231 cells apoptosis is induced by an intrinsic pathway through the activation of caspases 9 and 3 while in MCF-7 cells, the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is induced through the activation of caspases 8 and 6. In conclusion, new synergistic combinations targeting EGFR have been identified and deserve to be further investigated in in vivo settings.