بنیادی رسوم رواج
ایک مذہبی یہودی کی ساری زندگی مختلف رسومات میں منقسم ہے جو اس کی پیدائش سے لے کر اس کے مرنے کے بعد تک جاری رہتی ہیں۔ مشنانے اس زندگی کا خلاصہ درج ذیل لفظوں میں بیان کیا ہے:
پانچ سال کی عمر میں مقدس کتب کی پڑھائی، دس سال کی عمر میں مشنا کی پڑھائی، تیرہ سال کی عمر میں وصیتوں کی پیروی، پندرہ سال میں تلمود کی پڑھائی، اٹھارہ سال میں شادی، بیس سال میں ملازمت، تیس سال میں قوت کا عروج، چالیس سال میں دانائی، پچاس میں صلاح دینے کے قابل، ساٹھ میں بڑھاپا، ستر میں سالوں سے بھرپور، اسّی میں "ہمت" کی انتہا، نوے میں خم رسیدہ، سو سال میں مردے کی مانند اور اس دنیا سے کوچ۔[1]
باب ششم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی ثقافت کا تعارف۔
- بنیادی یہودی رسومات کا تعارف۔
- یہودیت میں شادی مرگ کی تقریبات کا تعارف۔
- یہودی کیلنڈر کا تعارف۔
- یہودی تہواروں کا تعارف۔
- اسرائیلی تقریبات کا تعارف۔
ابتدائی یہودیت میں کچھ رسومات مردوں تک محدود تھیں۔ عورت کو بعض عبادات میں شامل نہیں کیا گیا۔ مرد ہی کو گھر کا سربراہ مانا گیا۔ اکثر ربیوں کی دعاؤں میں بھی بیٹوں کا ذکر ہوتا ہے جس سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ قدیم یہودیوں میں مردوں کو خصوصی اہمیت حاصل تھی۔ اس سے یہ بھی نہیں سمجھنا چاہیے کہ عورت کو کوئی وقعت نہیں دی گئی۔ یہودیت کا ابتدائی دور بزرگوں کا دور کہلاتا ہے۔ عمومی طور پر بزرگوں میں مردوں کو شامل کیا جاتا ہے لیکن مختلف روایات سے یہ بھی پتہ چلتا ہے کہ بزرگوں کے اس دور میں عورت کا کردار بھی اہم اور مقتدر تھا، مثلاً اس...
This research is a correlational study with two variables – variable X standing for vocabulary mastery and variable Y standing for reading comprehension. There were three research questions: (1) What is the level of correlation between variable X and variable Y; (2) How significant is the contribution that can be given by variable X toward variable Y; and (3) Is there positive correlation between variable X and variable Y? The sample of this research was fifty students of the first semester at Economic Faculty of Alkhairaat University. The instruments were tests and questionnaire. Through tests, it was found that: (1) The level of correlation between variable X and variable Y was strong; (2) The significant contribution given by variable X toward variable Y was 52.8%, meaning variable X gave much contribution to variable Y; and (3) There was positive correlation between variable X and variable Y since the value of r-counted (0.727) was higher than the value of r-table (0.279). Through questionnaire, 46% respondents agreed that vocabulary took a role in helping them to comprehend English texts, meaning the more vocabulary they have, the better they are in comprehending English texts.
The current research was designed to explore the psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance of typical siblings of children with autism. It was hypothesized that: the typical siblings of children with autism would show poorer psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance than the siblings of normal children; the mothers of children with autism would experience more depression, stress and anxiety than mothers of normal children; the family environment of these children would be poorer; maternal depression, anxiety, stress and family environment would predict psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance of the typical siblings. The study was quantitative and used a between group design. The total sample comprised of 310 participants with 5 subsets i.e. Children with autism (n=62), their typical siblings (n=62), their mothers (n=62); normal controls i.e. siblings of normal children (n=62) and their mothers (n=62). CARS (Childhood Autism Rating Scale) was used to assess the severity of autism. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ, Urdu translated version), Piers Harris Self Concept Scale and Ravens Progressive Matrices were used to assess the psychological adjustment, self concept and mental ability of the siblings respectively. The academic performance of siblings was assessed through the mean of their past two results. Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) was used to assess mothers‟ psychological health while the Family environment was assessed through Family Environment Scale (FES). The data was analyzed using independent sample t test, correlation coefficient, hierarchical regression analysis and path analysis. Psychological adjustment and self concept of typical siblings of children with autism were significantly poorer than siblings of normal children. The mothers of children with autism were more stressed out than the mothers of normal children. Presence of a child with autism was a significant predictor of psychological mal-adjustment, emotional symptoms, conduct problems and peer related problems in their siblings, poor self concept, behavioral mal-adjustment and scholastic status, popularity, happiness and satisfaction of siblings. Maternal stress, lack of acceptance and care and conflict within the family environment moderated the relationship between child with autism and psychological adjustment of their siblings. Results of path analysis revealed significant effect of maternal depression on psychological adjustment, pro- social behavior and academic performance; and of maternal stress on pro-social behavior and self-concept of siblings. Family conflict showed significant effect on psychological adjustment and pro-social behavior; family control showed significant effect on self-concept. Implications of these findings for clinicians, mental health professionals and researchers have been discussed with focus on the Pakistani cultural context.