عبدالرزاق قریشی
دارالمصنفین میں یہ خبربڑے دکھ اور رنج سے سنی گئی کہ جناب عبدالرزاق قریشی اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، ان کی وفات سے نہ صرف اردو زبان و ادب ایک لائق خدمت گزار، بلکہ دارالمصنفین ایک بہت ہی مخلص پرستار سے محروم ہوگیا ہے، ان کے اعزہ نے ان کی وفات کی خبر بڑی تاخیر سے بھیجی۔ معارف کی آیندہ اشاعت میں ان پر ایک تفصیلی مضمون شائع ہوگا، اس وقت توان کی مغفرت کے لیے دل سے دعا نکل رہی ہے۔
(’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، ستمبر ۱۹۷۷ء)
عبدالرزاق قریشی مرحوم
(سیدشہاب الدین دسنوی )
ضلع اعظم گڈھ کی ایک چھوٹی سی بستی بسہہ میں ۳۰؍ جولائی ۷۷ء کو عبدالرزاق قریشی پر ۹ بجے دن کو دورہ پڑا، دو تین قے ہوئی، ۱۲ بجکر دس منٹ پر ’’یااﷲ‘‘ کہہ کر آنکھیں بن کرلیں اور پانچ منٹ بعد یہ خاموش، متین اور سنجیدہ، سادہ مزاج اسکالر اور ادیب اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
عبدالرزاق قریشی کم عمری میں بمبئی چلے گئے تھے، جہاں میری اور ان کی رفاقت ۴۱ سال تک قائم رہی، ان کا خاندانی ماحول کچھ ایسا حوصلہ افزا نہ تھا، کہ وہ کسی اسکول یا مدرسے کی تعلیم مکمل کرسکتے، اس کے باوجود وہ بمبئی آئے تو اپنے ساتھ پڑھنے لکھنے کا شوق بھی لیتے آئے تشنگی علم انھیں مختلف چشموں تک لے گئی، مگر آخر میں میکدہ شبلی کے اس بادہ خور کو جس ساقی کی تلاش تھی، وہ ۱۹۳۲ء میں پروفیسر نجیب اشرف ندوی مرحوم کی صورت میں نظر آگیا، جو دارالمصنفین چھوڑنے کے بعد پہلے گورنمنٹ کالج احمد آباد، پھر وہاں سے بمبئی کے ایک سرکاری کالج میں اردو کے پروفیسر ہو کر آگئے تھے، اعظم گڑھ کے ہونے کے ناتے اور دبستان شبلی کے خوشہ چیں کی حیثیت سے قریشی صاحب نے...
Terrorism is contentious issue. It has affected the lives of people across the country. This paper analyses the factors for incidence of terrorism in Karachi city which has great economic importance for country. The city represents all communities belonging to various parts of the country. Migration of people from other provinces has significally changed demographic profile of the city. This study presents statistics about various offences committed in Hyderabad and Karachi. It describes important facts about the militant groups involved in the acts of terrorism in Karachi. It has been argued in the study that in some cases the acts of violence were politically motivated and in other cases terrorism acts were sponsored by religious groups. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of terrorism in Karachi, this study investigates the root causes of terrorism including economic deprivation. In most cases marginal sections of society have been found involved in the acts of terrorism. Thus, this study creates need for social reforms, poverty alleviation and provision of quality education. Further capacity-building of Law Enforcement Agencies to cope with this situation has been emphasized in this study. This paper also recommends some proposals for dealing with the issue of terrorism.
The objective of this dissertation is to investigate and design adaptive beamforming algorithms in order to improve the performance of wireless cellular technology in spatial domain. For this purpose, blind and non-blind beamforming concepts and related algorithms are investigated; Least Mean square (LMS), Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and others. These algorithms suffer from optimization problems like gain enhancement, interference rejection, high power transmission, bit error rate (BER), minimization of mean square error (MSE) and rate of convergence which undermines their performance in the application of smart antenna array system. In view of these deficiencies, non-blind technique using LMS and MUSIC algorithms is evaluated for selection of parameters for further analysis. A new algorithm namely Bessel Least Mean Square (BLMS) is proposed. Its performance is then evaluated and compared with LMS in order to determine its efficiency in terms of array gain, MSE, BER and convergence performance based on the chosen parameters. Performance improvement is achieved by proposed algorithm over the conventional LMS algorithm. The improvement in BLMS is attributed by introducing a non-uniform step size. This non-uniform step size is obtained from the interaction of Bessel and step size functions. The Bessel function of the first kind has inherent monotonically decreasing property which generates coefficients equal to the number of elements that helps the proposed BLMS algorithm in convergence effectively as compared to LMS algorithm that is based on a constant step size. Further, the analysis of blind technique using CMA and MUSIC algorithms has similarly been investigated for the same selected parameters as above. For blind beamforming, novel algorithms named as Kaiser Constant Modulus Algorithm (KCMA) and Hamming CMA (HAMCMA) using window techniques are proposed and implemented. Their performance is then compared with CMA in terms of array gain, MSE and BER. The KCMA has shown improved performance and this improvement in KCMA is justified in terms of facilitating independent control of the main lobe width and ripple ratio. The HAMCMA, based on fixed type window function has shown better xx iv results in terms of array gain and sidelobe level (SLL) but lacks in BER performance as compared to CMA. The reduction in SLL by these blind beamforming algorithms signifies that using the proposed methods the interferences are very low. Finally, BLMS with Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is proposed by making its step size variable which can update itself from signal array vector. The real model of BLMS is developed and tested for its efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE using the “wavrecord” function to bring live audio data in WAV format into the MATLAB workspace and compared with real model of LMS in terms of gain and MSE. From the results presented in the thesis, it is concluded that the proposed algorithms lead to improve in the performance as compared to LMS and CMA algorithms and can be utilized efficiently for further enhancement of wireless cellular technology.