Analyse psychosociale de la littérature féminine en Mauritanie

Over the years, Mauritanian Moorish women have managed to have their own poetry, an oral literature known locally as "tebrāʕ" translated into French by the word "ingenuity", sometimes also "invention". It is a love poetry originally used by girls or by women in general to express feelings that social norms prevent them from manifesting publicly. Tebrāʕ is deeper than a mere female expression of passion, it is rather a social and psychological state of mind that empowers women and helps them break taboos virtually for a short period of time. This article is an analytical reading of Tebrāʕ and presents new models and ways of examining this oral literature. It tries also to answer several questions which can be summarized as follows: Can this form of poetry be considered as a female literature? The closed circle where these words are composed and pronounced, can it be considered a therapy session? And above all, what power do these women and girls derive from this practice? This article is also a study of the perception of men and women in Mauritania in relation to this oral art practice based

Adaptive Estimation Using State-Space Methods

This thesis focuses on the development of new variants of adaptive filters. Built around state-space framework, the proposed filters are especially suitable for applications like tracking, output feedback control and recursive spectrum estimation. They operate without prior knowledge of process and observation noise statistics and exhibit good stability properties. The development in this thesis can broadly be classified into state- space least mean square (SSLMS) and finite memory least-squares filters. SSLMS is a generalization of the well-known least mean square (LMS) filter. Incorporating linear time-varying state-space model of the underlying environment, SSLMS exhibits marked improvement in its tracking performance over the standard LMS. An extension of SSLMS is SSLMS with adaptive memory (SSLMSWAM). SSLMSWAM iteratively tunes the step-size parameter by stochastic gradient method in an attempt to yield its most appropriate value. This filter is useful for situations where a suitable value of step-size parameter is difficult to obtain beforehand. Recursive nature of an adaptive filter brings with it stability issues. The concept of finite memory (or receding horizon) for an adaptive filter is appealing because it ensures stability. This motivates the development of finite memory filters, both for iiiunforced and forced systems. Finite impulse response (FIR) adaptive filter, built around structure of an unforced system, uses weighted observations on a finite interval. Uniform weighting of the observations results in rectangular RLS (RRLS). Additional flexibility is achieved by developing an adaptive memory variant of FIR adaptive filter. Similar to SSLMSWAM, the data window size is iteratively tuned so as to minimize the prediction error. For the forced system case, a useful solution in the form of receding horizon state observer is obtained. It finds utility in output feedback control of linear time-varying systems. An insight into convergence properties of finite memory based filters is provided by the convergence analyses. Spectrum update with the arrival of new data is a desirable feature in real-time spectrum estimation applications. The mathematical equivalence of RRLS resonator bank and recursive discrete Fourier transform (DFT) gives the rationale for using the newly developed filters for recursive spectrum estimation. A symmetric windowed variant of RRLS called ‘truncated exponential RLS (TERLS)’ is useful for reducing spectral leakage. Same is true for an SSLMS resonator, which has an attractive feature that spectral side levels and main lobe width may be reduced simultaneously by reducing the step-size parameter. The higher order resonator (HOR), constructed from several SSLMS resonators, exhibits close resemblance to an ideal (rectangular) frequency bin, thus minimizing spectral leakage and increasing resolution.