محمود تيمور كمصلح اجتماعي

Born in 1894 in "Darb Sadah" of Cairo: Mehmood Taimur has attained a distinguished place in the world of literature. Besides writing literature, he has also written many essays/articles. He has highlighted social problems in his social essays and has become a social reformer. He has pinpointed the following social issues in these essays: (1) He has exposed the social ills like class distinction: sexual deprivation destitute and ignorance. (2) He has also acquainted the people about the causes of polygamy and divorce in the light of Shariat and rejects the contention with the solid argument that woman is a weak creature subjected to all kind of wrong treatment. Every person has a right to lead a peaceful life in this world and no one has the right to deprive him of this privilege except owing to some Islamic law. Most of the people were unaware of the rights of woman granted by Islam or they were not accepting them but Mehmood Taimur has presented all those rights in a beautiful way before society that is why on reading his social essays man reaches the conclusion that he was a social reformer.

Determinants of Technological and Administrative Innovations in Non-Profit Organizations

Non-profit Organizations (NPOs), distinct from the governmental and private organizations, are a main part of a country and society. Time has shown the importance of NPOs in a country. They not only affect the society, but also the economy. The changing conditions of the economy imply NPOs to innovate their structures, policies, rules and doings in order to survive better. For this innovation has always been a major characteristic of NPOs. Non-profits should understand the different factors that bring such innovations. This study tries to analyse those factors which cause innovation and their effects on innovation. The study aims to explore the differential effects of structural, process and human factors on two types of innovations; administrative and technological. A data set of 324 respondents from non-profit organizations has been collected through interviews with heads of the organizations and through self-administered questionnaires. The responses have been statistically analysed through regression analysis and correlation matrix through SPSS 16. The positive and negative impacts of the five independent variables upon two dependent variables have been analysed by these tests. The results show that the factors that are favourable to technological innovations are almost the same as factors conducive to administrative innovations. Two variables; centralization and specialization are significant predictors'of administrative innovation and the same two factors plus transformational leadership are significant predictors of technological innovation. Based on these results, implications for the management of non-profits and future research suggestions have been recommended.