ہو گیا گر کام پھر دشوار تو
ہم تو جی لیں گے اکیلے ہی مگر
ہم تو کر لیں گے سرِ تسلیم خم
سب اشارے ہیں ہماری ہی طرف
ہار مانیں گے نہ دشمن سے کبھی
چھُوٹ کر زنداں سے آ ہی جائیں گے
امن کا امکان کیا ہے وارثی
آپ ہی ٹھہرے جو ذمہ دار تو
تیرا جینا ہو گیا دشوار تو
ان کی جانب سے ہوا انکار تو
فیصلہ الٹا ہوا سرکار تو
دوستوں نے کر دیا گر وار تو
لے گئے اپنے ہی سوئے دار تو
فیصلے کرنے لگے تلوار تو
One of the primary goals of this study was to explore how a budget review approach may affect Nigeria's economic development. The reasoning was that the Nigerian economy was being challenged by a variety of imbalances in budget creation and implementation. The study strategy was based on events that occurred after the study was completed, and the data used in the study came from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and the Federal Ministry of Finance. A model was constructed based on both empirical and theoretical investigations in order to achieve this broad goal. The HDI, which was utilized as a measure of development, was the dependent variable in the model. The government's capital budget, recurrent budget, and the speed of annual budget implementation were the other independent variables in the model. They examined data using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, diagnostic tests such as the test of normality, auto correlation test, and heteroskedasticity test, which proved the validity and reliability of the model they chose; inferential results reveal that the use of budget evaluation had a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. According to the study's suggestions, Nigeria's government should try to increase capital and recurrent expenditures in its annual budget, both of which have a significant impact on economic development. Finally, the government should work to build budget monitoring and review infrastructure that will aid in the effective implementation of large budget expenditures while also ensuring compliance with legal procedures.
Lead is an important environmental toxic waste which almost contaminate the food, soil, water and air, hence, insects could be influenced easily by the lead. Therefore, lead was studied in the form of lead acetate using different doses. viz 0.125 mg., 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg., 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg, inrespect of its effects on external morphology of Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica at 48 hours post treatment. It was observed that under the influenced of lead morphological abnormalities were developed in the larvae of flies. Morphological changes were observed as elongated wings, de-shaped wings, elongated and folded legs, change in color of larvae, pupae and adults, several other structural abnormalities of larvae and pupae shape were also observed. It is shown that Dipterous flies could present a useful module for the assessment of lead contamination. The effect of lead acetate on proteins of five species of dipterious flies Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica were also observed through electrophoresis, while Egg albumin 42.7 kDa was used as a reference protein and various proteins of different weights were found altered.