اسلامی شریعت میں حقوق خمسہ کا تحقیقی جائزہ

The higher objective of Islamic law based upon entire blessing play an important role in construction and rein formation of the human society. The expert of Islamic law have classified the three descending categories of importance : the ╕arr┴riyyah (the essential), the ╓┐jiyyah (the complementary) and the Ta╒s┘niyyah (the desirable or the embellishments). This article briefly explain this terminologies. The basic principles of benefit and harms as per the Islamic law along with description of the underlying purposes, with the care purpose of safeguarding the society against all evils.

Cross Layer Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Accomplishing synchronized time remains an essential task for most disseminated networks. Time synchronization obliges an exceptional blend of high precision and energy efficiency. A few application layer protocols have been proposed to meet these necessities. This research work endorse that the symbol timing recuperation procedure can give application layer clock skew estimate and the application layer clock can be amended with the assistance of this estimate. This cross layer methodology diminishes the quantity of message trades needed by application layer for time synchronization which stimulates energy preservation. It contends that such a cross layer methodology can give a more exact skew estimation, or on the other hand can accomplish more noteworthy energy efficiency, for a given precision, by diminishing the message trades. Examination of proposed strategy, simulation results, experimentation outcomes and mathematical analysis demonstrates that physical layer clock skew can be utilized to adjust application layer clock skew as they are derived from hardware clock within the node. Analysis of proposed method provides concrete bounds on achieved improvement.