اسے امیجری یا صورت گری بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ شاعر اپنے قلم سے اور اپنے الفاظ سے اپنے مقصد کو دلکش انداز میں بیان کرتا ہے امیجری کے اس پہلو کو آگے بڑھاتے ہوئے پیکر تراشی کے تحت اس کی تفصیل بیان کی جاسکتی ہے۔ پیکر تراشی کو صورت گری یا امیجری بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ قابل تحسین ہیں ڈاکٹر تو قیر احمد خاں صاحب کہ جنہوں نے ”امیجری“ کا عنوان تحقیق کے لیے منتخب کیا۔ پروفیسر تو قیر احمد خاں نے پہلے پروفیسر عبدالحق کی نگرانی میں ایم۔ فل اور پھر پی۔ ایچ۔ ڈی کا مقالہ مکمل کیا۔ ڈاکٹر تو قیر احمد خاں کا ایم فل کے مقالے کا عنوان ” بال جبریل کی امیجری" تھا۔ دونوں مقالے اب کتابی شکل میں دستیاب ہیں جس سے امیجری کے موضوع کو وسعت میسر آئی۔ اپنی تصنیف " اقبال کی شاعری میں پیکر تراشی“ کے حرف آغاز میں ڈاکٹر تو قیر احمد خاں نے پروفیسر عبدالحق کا شکریہ ان الفاظ میں ادا کیا ہے:
”یہ مقالہ فکر اقبال کے شناور ، معروف محقق اور نقاد استاذی ڈاکٹر عبدالحق کی نگرانی
میں پایہ تکمیل کو پہنچا جن کی متفق رہنمائی اور اخلاق کریمانہ کے بغیر اس امر کی
تحمیل آسان نہ تھی “ (26)
ڈاکٹر توقیر احمد خاں نے پیکر تراشی پر تفصیلی گفتگو کی ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے اقبال کی شاعری کے دلکش پہلوؤں کا جائزہ لیتے ہوئے ان میں پیکر تراشی کی رقصاں تصویروں کا ذکر کیاہے۔ کہتے ہیں:
”اقبال کی نظموں میں پیکر تراشی کی رقصاں، متحرک اور منہ بولتی تصویر میں ان
تخلیقات کی صناعی میں اضافہ کرتی ہیں “ (27)
اقبال کے یہاں تشبیہ اور استعاروں کے علاوہ پیکر تراشی کے بھی بہت سے نمونےدیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔ یہ انمول نمونے اقبال کے فن کو جاوداں بنا دیتے ہیں۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کہتے...
Background and Aims: Muscle strength is the key area to measure the functional status of an individual. Different tools and techniques has been used to detect strength differences and deficits. Hand- held dynamometer is one of the most affordable and handy tools used for this purpose. This study was designed to determine intra-rater reliability of hand- held dynamometer to measure muscle strength in different muscle groups of lower extremity of young athletes. It will further explore the reliability of hand- held dynamometer.
Methodology: In this cross- sectional study young players of squash and badminton in the age group of 18-26 years were selected. The participants were recruited by non- probability convenience sampling technique. The strength of major muscle groups of lower limb was measured by a single male tester twice with gap through isometric make test of dynamometer. The intra-class correlation coefficient was then calculated for two readings of each muscle group by using SPSS version 21.
Results: The intra- class correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability. The hip abductors, hip adductors, hip extensors of left side, knee flexors and knee extensors showed excellent reliability. Whereas, hip flexors, ankle plantar- flexors and dorsi-flexors of both sides showed excellent reliability at 95 % confidence interval.
Conclusion: The isometric make test of dynamometer is a reliable tool for the objectification of strength of lower limb in young players participating in squash and badminton.
Milk is a complex mixture of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and mineral components and it has been a source of human food since the recorded history. Aflatoxin M 1 is excreted in milk of those lactating animals which have ingested aflatoxin B 1 contaminated feed. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is metabolized to aflatoxin M 1 in liver and then excreted in milk and urine. Aflatoxin B 1 is a potent carcinogen and aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), being the metabolite of AFB 1, has toxic properties similar to AFB 1 . Several researches have demonstrated the potential toxicity of exposure to AFM 1 . Aflatoxin M 1 is present in milk and milk products. This study includes the determination of contamination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and milk products and contamination of aflatoxin B 1 in dairy feed in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The analytical techniques used in the determination of AFM 1 were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorometry (using Fluorometer), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the determination of AFB 1 , HPLC was used. Immunoaffinity columns were used to accomplish cleanup step during HPLC and fluorometric determination. A total of 977 samples of milk, cheese, and yoghurt were analyzed for AFM 1 contamination. Whereas a total of 260 samples of feed commodities (concentrate feed, cottonseed cake, wheat bran, bread, paddy straw, and wheat straw) were analyzed for AFB 1 contamination. In the first phase of study 168 sample of raw milk from fourteen districts, were analyzed by using immunoaffinity columns and Fluorometer. All the samples were found contaminated with AFM 1 , however in 96.4% samples the level of contamination was below the US tolerance limit of 0.5 μg/ L. Only 3% samples showed AFM 1 contamination higher than the US tolerance limit. While considering EU maximum permissible limit (0.05 μg/ L), 99.4% samples exceeded this limit. Seasonal effect was also studied on the presence of AFM 1 contamination in milk. ANOVA analysis indicated significant difference (p < 0.01) in AFM 1 concentration in milk in different seasons. The AFM 1 contamination was higher in winter as compared to summer and this was supported by previous studies. During the study of AFM 1 contamination in raw milk taken from different localities, variation in levels of AFM 1 was found in raw milk from different localities in the central areas of the Punjab, Pakistan. Total 480 milk samples of buffaloes and cows xviifrom different localities (urban, semi-urban, and rural) were analyzed by using HPLC with prior clean-up step applying immunoaffinity columns. The percentage of AFM 1 contamination in buffalo and cow milk was 42.5% and 52.5% respectively. In both types of milk, level of AFM 1 contamination was higher in milk samples obtained from urban and semi-urban areas and it was minimal in milk samples taken from rural areas. The AFM 1 contamination in buffalo milk was studied statistically with respect to herd-size variation also. The results showed significant variations with respect to herd-size (F= 6.631, p= 0.001). Milk samples in case of small herd-size (1-5 cattle) and medium herd- size (6-10 cattle) showed higher AFM 1 concentration as compared to large herd-size (more than 10 cattle). Another study was conducted to investigate the AFM 1 contamination in the milk of five mammalian species namely buffalo, cow, goat, sheep, and camel from the area of Faisalabad district of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Analysis was made by using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Immunoaffinity columns, which are based on the principle of affinity chromatography, were used for clean-up purposes. Total 169 milk samples were analyzed. The percentage of AFM 1 contamination in buffalo milk, cow milk, goat milk, and sheep milk was found to be 34.5%, 37.5%, 20%, and 16.7% respectively. AFM 1 contamination was not detected in camel milk in this area. Although there is massive use of fresh milk in Pakistan, but still significant consumption occurs after milk has been processed. As AFM 1 concentration is not affected by normal milk processes, AFM 1 is also present in milk products like cheese and yoghurt. The milk product samples including 80 cheese samples and 80 yoghurt samples were analyzed by using ELISA technique. The percentage of AFM 1 contamination was found to be 87.5% and 70% in cheese and yoghurt samples respectively. Because of the possibility of presence of aflatoxin B 1 , feed plays a major role in the occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in milk. The monitoring of AFB 1 contamination in dairy feed is compulsory to ensure safety of milk consumers. The study on the contamination of AFB 1 in the dairy feed samples showed high contamination of AFB 1 in cotton-seed cake samples and concentrate feed samples. Total 260 samples of different commodities, used as dairy feed, were analyzed for AFB 1 contamination by HPLC. The average AFB 1 contamination levels in cottonseed cake, concentrate feed, wheat bran, bread pieces, and paddy straw were found to be 242, 176, 98, 23, and 37 μg/ Kg respectively. contamination level was high as compared to US tolerance i.e., 20 μg/ Kg.