اسلام ایک کامل دین ہے جو زند گی کے تمام پہلوؤں کے لیے ایک دستور فراہم کرتا ہے ۔ اسلامی نظام حیات ایک خاص تہذیب و ثقافت کا حامل ہے ۔ اس تہذیب اور ثقافت کی حفاظت کے لیے ایک قانون کی ضرورت ہے ۔ قانون کو کامیاب بنانے کے لیے معاشرتی زندگی کو عقائد و عبادات اور اخلاق و آداب کے ساتھ منسلک کیا گیا ہے ۔ ان سب چیزوں کا آپس میں اس طرح کا ربط ہے کہ یہ سب چیزیں ایک دوسرے کی تکمیل کرتی ہیں اور ایک دوسرے کو تقویت پہنچاتی ہیں ۔ اخلاق سے وہ ماحول پید ا ہوتا ہے جس میں لوگ خود بخود قانون پر عمل کرنا چاہیں گے ۔ تعلیم اگر جامع او رمکمل ہو تو پھر اسلام کا اخلاق، قانون اورمعاشرتی آداب یہ سب انسان کو مجبور کردیتے ہیں کہ وہ گنا ہ کی طرف مائل ہی نہ ہو ۔ پھر اگر انسان گناہ کی طرف راغب ہو، تو اللہ تعالیٰ نے ضابطہ بھی ساتھ دیا کہ مجرمین سے کیسے نپٹا جائے ۔ کس جرم پر کتنی سزا دی جائے ۔ جرائم کو دو حصوں میں تقسیم کر دیا گیا : اول حدود اللہ ۔ یہ ہر معاشرے میں پائے جانے والے بڑے جرائم ہیں ۔ ان کی سزا بھی مقرر کی اور سزا کا طریقہ کا ر بھی متعین کر دیا ۔ دوم : تعزیرات ۔ یہ وہ چھوٹے اور معمولی جرائم ہیں ، جن کی نہ تو سزا مقرر کی اور نہ سزا کا طریقہ کا ر بتلایا ، البتہ حکام ،قاضیوں اور اولی الامر کے لیے بنیادی ہدایا ت دے دی گئیں تاکہ ان جرائم پر بھی قابو رہے ۔
The novel Corona Virus (nCoV-2019), clouded the entire world during the year 2020; with its emergence in December 2019 from Wuhan, China. The nCoV-19 is a novel variant of the Coronavirus family, with its predecessors been implicated for the pandemics of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV); that caused flu-like condition and respiratory distress symptoms [1-6]. The viral strain also intrudes on extra-pulmonary relevance; being involved with deranging immunity as evidenced by lymphopenia and a prolonged prothrombin time; it impacts cardiomyocytes and pancreatic tissue directly [7-11]. These implications of nCoV-19 does suggest a long-term relevance of the disease profile. The emergenceof nCoV-2019 was quick to gain a pandemic status worldwide. An immense shift in the influx of the type of patients was observed, that imparted a false impression of a reduction in cardiovascular and metabolic patient presentation; formerly that had been the majority engaging the worlds’ healthcare facility. But as the world prepares itself for a possible second wave of the n-CoV-19, a prudent approach would be to remind us of the history lessons from the previous corona-led pandemic, such as MERS and SARS. This editorial will emphasize on channeling our focus to nCoV-19 implications on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The pandemics of SARS-CoV during 2002-2003 and MERS-CoV in 2012 highlight the long term relevance of coronavirus to cardiac and metabolic disease pathologies, both during and in the aftermath of these pandemics [3]. The SARS-CoV had demonstrated an increase of cardiovascular problems by 44%, hyperlipidemia by 68% and diabetes mellitus by 60%, in people who had recovered from the viral attack [12, 13]. Likewise, MERS-CoV had also embarked an increase of cardiac disorders by 30% and hypertension by 50% and diabetes mellitus by 50% [3, 8, 9]. Published research on nCoV-19 has hinted for a similar rising trend of cardiovascular and metabolic complexities. An increase in cardiac troponin level is observed with increased cases of myocarditis and heart failure [14]. A 20% increase in the incidence of diabetes and a 40 % rise in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is observed with nCoV-19 [8, 9]. Little do we comprehend that the involvement of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors could play havoc on endothelium, kidney, intestine, liver and any other organ [15]. The nCoV-19 has thrown a curveball to the realm of the worldwide health and financial setting. Even with the current economic predicament it does seems prudent to be prepared in advance for the long term consequences of this pandemic. The bigger question would be to, not just direct our efforts at countering the possible second wave of nCoV-19 but also for the possible chaos of cardiovascular and metabolic disease outfall, impacting the world health system.
Bumblebees are important for their pollination services to different plant species providing a major source of variability and survival for cross pollinated plant species. They belong to temperate regions due to their need of hibernation needs in winter. Their importance as buzz pollination makes them unique for pollination of different commercial crops like tomatoes, pepper, strawberries etc under glasshouse farming systems. Different bumblebee species has been identified in northern areas of Pakistan including Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and some parts of northern Punjab. Bombus haemorrhoidalis has been identified as important and common bumblebee species in lower northern Pakistan. Different experiments were conducted for ecological and biological studies to monitor the indigenous bumblebee, B. haemorrhoidalis abundance and species richness in the northern Pakistan including Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran-Kaghan valley It will be helpful for conservation of our local bumblebee fauna and to identify the possible plant species for their long term survival and stability of environmental balance of species. According to the results regarding abundance of native bumblebee in relation to other pollinators Bombus haemorrhoidalis was the most abundant pollinator in comparison with other pollinators in all sub-localities. In 2012, maximum Shannon index, Simson index and Eveness were recorded in Naran Kaghan and minimum in Rawalpindi/Islambad. In 2013, maximum Shannon index and Eveness were recorded in Naran Kaghan while Simson index was maximum in Rwalpindi/Islambad and minimum Shannon index in Rawalakot. The foraging xxv source of native bumble comprised of 42, 43 and 48 plant species in Naran Kaghan, Rawalkot and Rawalpindi/Islamabad, respectively. Maximum species (11) belonged to Family, Asteraceae from all three study areas. The nest seeking queens emerged after spending winter diapause in nature preferred relatively open field landscape followed by open fields, forest boundaries proved more populated habitats followed by field boundaries for nesting sites. Withered grasses remained most favored patches and stone and moss the least ones for nesting sites of B. haemorrhoidalis. at all locations. Rearing of B. haemorrhoidalis was successfully done and biological parameter of like, preoviposition period, egg hatching period, larval and pupal duration, period of first workers emerged, numbers of workers and sexual and mother queen life span were observed under controlled laboratory conditions. Seasonal fluctuation of sexual morphs indicated first emergence of winter diapausing queens in March - April, maximum population of workers in September, males and daughter queens in October, in field conditions. Indigenous bumblebee B. haemorrhoidalis was used for pollination of tomato crop in comparison with European bumblebee Bombus terrestris at Hydroponic Research Farm. Non significant differences were obtained in the means comparison of number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, fruit height and fruit diameter for both pollinators.