Linguistic Expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) As a Miracle in Arabic Language: A Study of Linguistic Miracles of Prophet Muhammad

Arabian Peninsula was famous for its language expertise and linguistic expressions at the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The poets and language experts would spend most of their lives to attain excellence in Arabic language and literature. It was during such time that a man named Muhammad (ﷺ) emerged, whose linguistic expression was remarkable, accurate and amazing. He was also quite familiar with the dialects and accents of every tribe of Arabia. It was the surprising effect of this linguistic excellence that people tagged him with different titles such as Poet, Sorcerer, Kāhin (soothsayer), Majnūn (One possessed by Jinn), and insane man with insane message. Allah Almighty revealed Qur’ānic verses not only to answer such allegations but also entrusted him to present commentary of the Holy Qur’ān to the people who would called him illiterate. This article will try to find out the Qur’ānic commentary on the linguistic expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as a miracle of revelation. The method of research is descriptive analytical and historical. The discussion of verses of Qur’ān and the explanations of the experts of Qur’ān through the comments of orientalists have been included to support the arguments. First Part of the paper discusses status of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as an illiterate man with his remarkable linguistic expressions of Qur’ān due to which he was awarded different titles such as poet, sorcerer and insane. The second part explains the Qur’ānic response to accusations on Prophet (ﷺ) raised by the opponents. In the third part, some intellectual arguments of Qur’ān and opinions of orientalist have been discussed to support the Qur’ānic responses in favor of linguistic expressions of an “Ummi” Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion.

A Comparativestudy of State-Of-The-Artmachine Learning Classificationmethods

In this era of information and technology data mining has gained much fame. Millions of versatile data records in various forms such as text, digits and images are going to store in databases and online data repositories. Machine learning techniques are playing vital role in analyzing such bulk of data in better way. Health department is considered as one of the most significant domain of generating huge collection of data associated to patient?s care, diagnostics, analysis and recommendations in various contexts based on disease and medical situations. The analysis of health care data can be very helpful for diagnosis of patients and decision making. A number of comparative researches in machine learning techniques have been performed in the literature on health data; however most of these approaches have been limited to a single dataset analysis, focused on a small number of parameters evaluation such as accuracy measurement and lack of graphical representation of statistical performance metrics. There is need to use more parameters and multiple data sets in order to evaluate machine learning algorithms for their maximum performance. The purpose of this research work was to propose and conduct empirical analysis of multiple machine learning classifiers through accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and F-measure parameters to measure their maximum performance on health data. In this regard Diabetes, Kidney, Liver, Lungs and Heart datasets have been analyzed using Na?ve Bayes, LMT, SMO, JRip and J48 Decision Tree classifiers. It has been concluded from analysis that J48 classifier has shown optimal functionality on health datasets having large number of attributes. It has shown high accuracy and F-measure value on CKD (Chronic Kidney Dataset) dataset that is the highest ratio among other classifiers. While in case of small datasets (Lung cancer) Na?ve Bayes and SMO has beaten other classifiers. In graphical representation ROC curve has proved that Na?ve Bayes classifiers presented maximum performance. Precision-Recall curve proved that J48 has beaten other classifiers. Graphical representation of the results of different statistical performance metrics of machine learning Algorithms have also been provided.