تسکینؔ قریشی
تسکین قریشی غزل گو شعراء میں نہایت ممتاز اور تغزل میں جگر کے صحیح جانشین تھے، وہ ملازم پیشہ تھے، اس لیے پیشہ ور شعراء کی کمزوریوں سے ان کا دامن پاک تھا، اور اپنی اخلاقی بلندی کے اعتبار سے شعراء کی آبرو تھے، طبعاً خاموش، عزلت پسند اور شہرت طلبی سے دور تھے، مشاعروں میں بھی بہت کم شریک ہوتے تھے، اور اخبارات و رسالوں میں بھی اپنا کلام اشاعت کے لیے کم بھیجتے تھے، اس لیے ایک عرصے تک ان کو وہ شہرت حاصل نہ ہوسکی جس کے وہ مستحق تھے، لیکن آخر میں ان کے کلام کی نکہت صاحب ذوق طبقہ میں پوری طرح پھیل گئی تھی، راقم کو ان کے کلام کا اندازہ ان کے دوسرے مجموعۂ کلام ’’گلگونہ‘‘ کی اشاعت کے بعد ہوا، ان کی شاعری خیالات کی لطافت و پاکیزگی اور زبان کی نفاست و سلاست کا نمونہ ہے، نعتیں بھی بڑی پرکیف کہتے تھے، ان سے ملاقات کی نوبت کبھی نہیں آئی، مگر کبھی کبھی وہ اپنا کلام معارف میں اشاعت کے لیے بھیجتے تھے، اس سلسلہ میں ان سے خط و کتابت رہتی تھی، اور ان سے ایسے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے کہ انہوں نے اپنے آخری مجموعۂ کلام سرمایہ تسکین کا مقدمہ راقم سے باصرار لکھوایا، وہ راسخ العقیدہ اور پابند مذہب مرد مومن تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک نامور اور شائستہ غزل گو شاعر اٹھ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس صاحبِ دل شاعر کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۱ء)
Abstract: Evaluation is the backbone of our education system. It is one of the important factors of the three pillars of our education system. The three pillars are: educational objectives, teaching learning process and evaluation or assessment. Assessment, scores or grades are one of the factors of the main concern for the students of any academic programme. The present study is aimed to investigate the correlation between the internal and external assessment of Master of Education (M. Ed) examination of the students of Institute of Education & Research (I.E.R), University of Peshawar. In total all 200 students of university of Peshawar who appeared in the M. Ed. Annual examinations were taken as a sample being convenient to the researcher. The data was obtained from the Examination section of the University of Peshawar. The data so obtained was then analyzed through SPSS and it was concluded that both the Internal and External assessments were correlated. The implications were discussed. Key Words: Correlation, Assessment, Case study, M. Ed, University of Peshawar.
Introduction Clostridium perfringens presents persistent threat to the small animals in causing moderate to severe enterotoxemia. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens depends on the production of four major toxins. Therefore, typing of toxins elaborated by C. perfringens is essential. Specific toxin types are involved in causing particular enteric diseases in sheep and goats. Multiplex PCR has been introduced, which has the potential to detect the genes that code for these toxins. Also, the sensitivity and specificity of this method has been confirmed by amplification of specific target DNA under unique conditions. Therefore, the present project was designed to understand the molecular epidemiology of C. perfringens types isolated from sheep and goats. Objectives This study was carried out with following objectives: Ø To isolate, identify and characterize field strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from sheep and goats in selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Ø To determine molecular epidemiology and heterogeneity of Clostridium species. Experimental Design It was an experimental study of two years duration, conducted at Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan. vi Duration September 2013 to August 2015 Material & Methods Fecal samples were collected from healthy and diseased sheep and goats. Collected samples were cultured on cooked meat broth, blood agar and tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar. Biochemical characterization was carried out by using API 20A kits. Pure cultures of C. perfringens were used for DNA isolation by using spin column genomic DNA extraction kit. Isolated DNA was amplified by multiplex PCR with specific primers. Based on the length of the amplified fragments, bacterial strains were identified. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced using Sanger dideoxy sequencing method. Alignment studies were carried out by using ClustalW, T-Coffee software. Results Results revealed that the major C. perfringens type among all healthy and diseased isolates was type A followed by type D. In addition to this, beta2 toxin was found in both healthy and diseased type A and D isolates. However the prevalence of beta2 toxin gene in diseased sheep and goat population was 64% as compared to 37% in healthy ones. The identified genes were found equally dispersed in both sheep and goat isolates. Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates. vii Conclusions It was concluded from this study that: Ø C. perfringens type A and D were prevalent in Punjab province of Pakistan while locally produced enterotoxemia vaccine did not include type A. Ø Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates which confirmed bacterial population heterogeneity. Ø Sequence analysis of the amplified cpb2 gene revealed two genetically different populations of the gene. Keywords Molecular epidemiology, C. perfringens, sheep, goats, multiplex PCR