Historical Contribution of Islamic Waqf in Human Capital Development Through Funding Education

Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.

Post Mastectomy Radiotherapy in Ca Breast a Comparison of Three Protocols

This trial was designed to compare three hypofractionated protocols in postmastectomy cancinoma breast in terms of local control, toxicity & work load. A total of three hundred patients suffering from ca breast stage T2-4 , N any, M0 were randomized into three arms after mastectomy. All the patients were treated with four fields on Co60 i.e. two tangential portals for chest wall, one anterior supraclavicular & axillary field & a posterior axillary boost and were randomized into three arms i.e. 2700 CGy in 5 fractions (one week) arm A, 3500 CGy in 10 fractions (2 weeks) arm B and 4000 CGy in 15 fractions (3 weeks) arm C. Skin, cardiac, pulmonary and hematological toxicities & lymphedema were compared in addition to local control and work load. The locoregional relapses were 11%, 12% and 10% in arms A, B & C respectively. 26%, 24% & 28% patients developed metastatic disease and 17%, 18% & 20% died in the three arms. G3 & G4 skin toxicities were 37%, 28% & 14%. G2 and G3 lymphedema was 21%, 22% & 27%. Cardiac toxicity was 5%, 6% & 5% while pulmonary toxicity was 4%, 5% & 5% respectively. All the differences except skin toxicity were statistically insignificant. There were no cases of hematological depression or rib fractures. All the three short protocols were equally effective in locoregional disease control and toxicity was also comparable. They were helpful in reducing the work load and can be safely recommended for routine clinical use.