تمهيد
الحمد لله سبحانہ وتعالیٰ وأصلي علی حبیبہ ورسولہ وخاتم الأنبیاء والمرسلین وبعد:
أقدم ھذا الکتاب الذي هو نتیجۃ تعبي وجھدي ومثابرتي وإرشادات أساتذتي ،لقُراء وأُدباء اللغۃ العربیۃ کي یکون مرجعاً مفیداً لھم في أبحاثھم في الشعر العربي أو الشعر الأردو، فإنني بحثت عن شعراء العصر الجدید في الدول العربیۃ وشعراء العصر الحديث في الباکستان في مختلف اللغات وخاصۃ في الأدب الأردو ، فھناک شخصیتان معروفتان وامرأتان عظیمتان وشاعرتان بارعتان لفتتا انتباھي وأعجبني أسلوبھما وأفکارھما ومھارتھما في صناعۃ الأفکار الجدیدۃ من المعاني القدیمۃ؛ إحداها عراقية عربية اللغة وهي ( نازك الملائكة) والثانية باكستانية أُردية اللغة وهي ( بروين شاكر)، فبذلک قمت بالمقارنۃ بین شعراء العرب وشعراء الباکستان، ثم قمت بالمقارنۃ بین نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر منذ ولادتھما إلی وفاتھما في جمیع النواحي وفي کل الأمور وخاصۃً- وھو الأھم- قمت بالمقارنة بین أشعارھما وقصائدھما بشکل مجمل مفھوم بسيط دون التدقیق في البلاغۃ والنقد. ومن خلال بحثي اكتشفتُ الكثير من أسرار حياتِهما والكثير من أفكارهما الفلسفية والعلاقات الرومانتيكية، وأحوال الحياة من أفراح وأحزان ومتاعب ومصائب الأيام، وھُنا لم أدع بأنني بلغتُ الکمال في علمي وبحثي فالکمال لِله وحدہُ سبحانہُ وتعالیٰ لا شریک لہ، وأدعو المولی عز وجلّ أن یجعل ھذا العمل خالصاً لوجہ الکریم، وأن یوفقني لإتمام ھذا الكتاب علی أکمل وجہ قدر المستطاع۔
وما توفیقي إلا باﷲ وھو ولي التوفیق۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
الكاتبة
دكتورة: مکية نبي بخش
Youth is no doubt the asset of Muslim world. If they are utilized in charitable activities; in the protection of respect and honor; and developmental works, they can prove to be beneficial and a blessing. While if they are taken by destructive elements in their hands they will become source of destruction and harm. By providing proper Islamic education, our future will be in safe hands and will breath in an air of respect among other nations. In young age, deterioration in manners and moral corruption are alarming and cause mischief in society. Therefore, the interest taken in the problems of youth will result in a progressive society and ummah. Islam has given a special place to youth and has declared them future architect and leaders of humanity. The holy prophet S.A.W has given much importance to the youth and focused on them during his life time. In Islamic history, Muslim youth has represented the Muslim world in golden words and has spread the message of Islam’s moral height and greatness to the coming generations and nations. Due to the importance of youth problem of the youth in current time regarding lack of education and training are particularly discussed in this article. The research article begins with the detailed study of the research done in the area of education and socialization of youth. Moreover, the importance of education and socialization has been discussed in the light of the teachings of Quran and Hadith. After this, decadence in education, factors responsible for the decadence in education and its worse consequences have been thoroughly discussed in the light of the teachings of Islam. As there are several reasons responsible for the downfall of education like: parents, teachers, education system, society, state, preachers, political parties and media, therefore, responsibility of the remedy of this lack of proper education and socialization also depend on all these stake holders. In the end of the paper, recommendations are given for the cure of decadence in education.
Impact of Drinking Water Contamination Caused by Hattar Industrial Estate on Health and Household Utility Economic activity of industry is posing a serious threat to the health and lives of communities living around. The compromised and unaware behavior of the people is affecting the human health and life and its impact spreads from individual to society in various dimensions. This multidisciplinary study attempts to identify, quantify and analyze the problem of industrial wastewater contamination into the drinking water of the communities and its impact on health and utility at household level. The study is based on primary data and in total 950 households interviewed and 305 drinking water samples collected from area affected by Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE) in Pakistan. The data is collected from two affected villages (Dingi and Motian) situated on the bank of industrial wastewater channel and from one reference village (Khanpur) located upstream with the same socio-economic characteristics as target villages. The study used Geographical Information Systems (GIS), epidemiology, environmental sciences and economic approach to analyze data. Based on laboratory tests, in drinking water of target villages, lead and Nickel is found above the guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). Single difference approach of with and without is adopted to analyze its impact. The associated diseases in both selected villages found to be high blood pressure, lipominingocele, renal disease, black gums, skin and joint pains. The statistical relationship between the contaminants and diseases was positive. Other variables of high significance included location, pollution awareness and perception of risk. Based on the principle of household‘s utility maximization three demand equations were estimated: 1. demand for health status, 2. Demand for mitigating activities and 3. Demand for avertive activities. The three demand equations are quantified in terms of marginal willingness to pay; opportunity cost of avertive measures and leisure; economic cost of water pollution; and welfare loss to the community. Marginal willingness to pay is estimated as Rs. 4142.03/- and Rs. 819.6/- per household/per annum for the target villages of Dingi and Motian respectively. Total opportunity cost of avertive measures and leisure for Dingi xi was Rs. 7955/- where for Motian Rs.4260/-. Total economic cost for Dingi and Motian was Rs.11889/- and Rs.10442 per household per annum respectively. The welfare loss to the community due to industrial water contamination was calculated as Rs. 5.8 million per annum for Dingi where Rs. 0.2 million per annum for Motian. The total welfare loss due to water contamination in both selected villages was Rs.6 million per annum. This welfare quantification, if extrapolated to other villages situated on the wastewater channel, can result in high monetary loss to the community. This monetary loss is in addition to the physical and psychological sufferings associated with diseases. The findings of the study cannot be generalized for all pollutants or all locations since it is based on data collected from households affected by heavy metal water contamination caused by HIE in Pakistan. However the majority of developing countries are facing similar types of problems and the results of this study can be helpful in the choice of better policy options. The results suggest that apart from environmental pollution, the economic and behavioral factors also contribute to the prevalence of disease. Therefore, policy initiatives should be focused on specific issues such as decisions on the location of industrial estates; inclusion of environmental awareness in the formal education; motivation to the community for participation in government or Non Government Organization(NGO) run programs for environmental awareness; and adoption of aversion and mitigation measures to save the communities from harmful effects of pollution.