دیباچہ
کاشف علی
پروفیسر ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب اردو تحقیق و تنقید میں ایک نیا اضافہ ہیں۔اس سے قبل وہ پنجابی ادب میں اپنی صلاحیتوں کے جوہر دکھا چکے ہیں۔پنجابی حلقہ ادب میں آپ کا نام کسی تعارف کا محتاج نہیں۔حالیہ چند عرصوں میں انہوں نے اردو ادب کے میدان میں قدم رکھا اور اپنی صلاحیتوں کو بروئے کار لاتے ہوئے اردو ادب میں اپنی پہلی کتاب لکھ ڈالی۔اس کتاب میں شامل بیشتر مضامین ہماری معاشرتی زندگی سے جڑے ہوئے ہیں جس سے یہ بات واضح ہوتی ہے کہ ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب اپنے اردگرد کے معاشرتی حالات پر گہری نظر رکھتے ہیں۔ان مضامین کا مواد اپنے مجموعی مزاج میں پر اعتماد فکری فضا اور گہری وسعت نظر کا حامل ہے۔نبی کریمﷺکی ذات سے والہانہ عقیدت و محبت کا اظہار ان کے مضامین میں ملتا ہے۔انہوں نے نے نئے نعتیہ اشعار کہنے والے شعراء حضرات کی اصلاح بھی کی ہے۔اس کے علاوہ انہوں نے نام نہاد مذہبی پیشواؤں کو بھی آڑے ہاتھوں لیا ہے جو مذہب کو اپنے مفاد کیلئے استعمال کرتے ہیں اور بہت سے معاشرتی مسائل پر بھی نظر دوڑائی ہے۔ انہوں نے پنجاب کی تہذیب و ثقافت کو ادب میں زندہ رکھنے کے حوالے سے بھی اپنا کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ جملہ مضامین سے یہ بات پورے وثوق سے کہی جا سکتی ہے کہ ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب کا نقطہ نظر ایک مثبت طرز فکر کا حامل ہے۔انہوں نے اپنے مضامین میں نہایت سادہ الفاظ کا انتخاب کیا ہے جس سے معاشرے کی اصلاح ممکن ہے۔مجھے یقین ہے وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ پنجابی کی طرح اْردو ادب میں بھی ان کی اہمیت میں گراں قدر اضافہ ہوگا۔
کتاب میں موجود تمام مضامین اردو ادب سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں جو کہ اس سلسلے میں ان کی پہلی...
The Gulf Wars, fought in 1991 and 2003 respectively, are inter-related with each other. These wars reshaped and totally changed the Geo-Political structure of the Middle East. Apparently, the Geo-Political importance of the Middle East has remained universal truth from the very first day of human being. In that regard, it has always remained like it in the eyes of world powers such as Romans, Greeks, Sassanid, Ottomans, UK, Russia and America. Chronically, US increased interference in the Middle East soon after the World War II (1945). Eventually, Saddam Hussain was Pro-Socialist and disliked American interference in the Middle East; that was why, US started to overthrow Saddam Hussain’s regime and control the Middle East oil resources. Due to that, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain into Iran-Iraq War for more than eight years, which became futile and fatal for both countries. Mercilessly, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain once again into devastative War between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990. After that, accusing Saddam of violating International Law, the US found reason to invade Iraq directly, which is known as the Gulf War I (1991). Awfully, Iraq was kept in war for than a decade. When the US failed to overthrow Saddam regime after devastative and savage attacks, she got passed resolutions from the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iraq due to allegation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Valiantly, innocent Iraqis endeavored economic sanctions for more than a decade. After the inspection of world experts’ teams, they could find neither any sign of WMDs nor any stockpile of WMDs. Apart from that, the US led Coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003, massacre millions of people, collapsed its economy and ruined its infrastructure.
Development is implicit at every stage of appraisal irrespective of the approach; be it developmental (formative) or accountable (summative) (Bollington, Hopkins & West, 1993). If properly constructed and presented; the performance appraisal system can improve professional development of teachers, the management of the school, and students' learning outcomes. The focus of this study was to unpack the influences of performance appraisal on teachers' professional development. This study was conducted in one of the private schools in Karachi, Pakistan; and it involved ten participants, six appraisees, three appraisers and one reviewer. Data were collected using exploratory nature case study within the qualitative paradigm of research. Interviews and the document analysis were the major source of data collection. As a result of qualitative data analysis, the study has generated some findings related to the influence of performance appraisal on teachers' professional development. The study revealed that appraisees unanimously identified the purpose of appraisal as a summative assessment of teachers' performance for making administrative decisions such as; deciding annual increment and making teachers more accountable to school rule and regulations. The suggestions made by appraisees confirmed that the teachers did not perceive that there was a link between appraisal and the professional development of teachers. In contrast, the appraisers collectively considered performance appraisal as a tool to appreciate teachers' potentials and to identify areas for further enhancement. In addition, the findings of the study further suggest that the process of performance appraisal influences relations within teachers, and between teachers and supervisors negatively if handled in a less professional way. The findings of this study also suggest that a system of shared, informed and mutually agreed policy on performance appraisal should be developed by involving all key contributors and disseminated to all teachers to make the process clearer to all. This is also important to strengthen trust between teachers and the management of the school. The findings of this study may provide a useful insight to schools i.e. those who are in the process to introduce performance appraisal, or are reviewing their appraisal system and policies.