مشترک الفاظ ِ قرآنیہ کی توجیہات و تفسیرات

Mushtarak” is a word used for those words that are used in the Holy Qura’n with more than one meaning. These words are a manifestation of Quranic eloquence. They show the diversity of Qur'anic meaning, as well as the differences in their definitions, which have led to interpretation differences in the Qur'an. Due to the common words, the interpretation in the jurisprudence and the opinion of the scholars had expanded. Some interpretive deviations have also been related to these words. The study of the textual literature is important in this context that all discussions of common words should be discussed and the principles of meaning determination should be clearly presented with arguments as well. The contemporary commentaries in which different interpretations have been made from them would also be analyzed. This research would try to provide a narrative on finding  the meaning of such words and the limits within which the different interpretation can be done.

A Framework for Software Defect Prediction Using Ensemble Learning

The development of high-quality software at lower cost has always been the main concern of the developers as well as of the users. Eliminating the defects in software at the initial development stage can increase quality and reduce the overall cost. Testing only those modules which are likely to be defective are helpful for development team to manage and use resources effectively. Many machine learning-based frameworks have been proposed for the prediction of software defects in initial development stage however accuracy evaluation of proposed techniques on benchmark datasets was lacked. In this research, we proposed a framework for the prediction of software defects using ensemble learning and feature selection techniques by using WEKA. The accuracy of the proposed model has been evaluated by using publicly available cleaned NASA datasets. Moreover, the results have been compared with the widely used advanced classification techniques. The Proposed framework consists of five stages. First stage is dealing with the extraction of relevant dataset. Second stage is dealing with variants of base classifiers and selection. The base classifiers include: ?Decision Tree (DT), K-nearest neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Random forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)?. Pre-processing and feature selection have been done in third stage. In fourth stage, we used stacking technique to create an ensemble of the classifier-variants, which have performed well in third stage. Fifth stage deals with the results and performance evaluation by using different measures including: ?Precision, Recall, F-measure, Accuracy, MCC and ROC?.