شفیق الرحمن قدوائی
شفیق الرحمن صاحب قدوائی اگرچہ آصف علی صاحب کی طرح آل انڈیا شہرت کے مالک نہیں تھے لیکن اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ نہایت مخلص قومی کارکن تھے۔ ملک کی تحریک آزادی کے سلسلہ میں وہ جیل بھی گئے، لیکن وہ طبعاً ہنگامہ پسند اور اسٹیج کے لیڈر نہیں تھے، خاموشی مگرنہایت مستعدی اورگرم جوشی کے ساتھ ٹھوس اور تعمیری کام کرنے کے عادی تھے۔انھیں سب سے زیادہ دلچسپی تعلیم بالغان کے کام سے تھی، اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے جس بیدار مغزی،تن دہی اورقوت تنظیم و عملی سرگرمی کاثبوت دیا ہے وہ ان کی تاریخ حیات کاروشن باب ہے۔ اسی بنا پر یونیسکو کی طرف سے وہ انڈونیشیا میں تعلیم بالغان کے ناظم اعلیٰ بناکربھیجے گئے، وہاں سے واپسی پردہلی اسٹیٹ کے وزیر تعلیم منتخب ہوگئے۔ اس حیثیت سے ان کا ایک یادگار کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ اردو زبان دلّی کی علاقائی زبان تسلیم کرلی گئی لیکن غالباً ان کی آزاد طبیعت وزارت کی گراں بار ذمہ داریوں کی متحمل نہیں ہوسکی۔ اور وہ چند ماہ بیمار کر۵۲،۵۳ سال کی عمر میں ہی عالم جادوانی کوسدھار گئے۔نجی زندگی میں مرحوم بڑی خوبیوں کے انسان تھے۔نماز روزہ اور اسلامی شعائر کے پابند، نہایت سادہ اوربے تکلف، ہر ایک کے ساتھ ہمدردی اورخلوص کاتعلق رکھنے والے، بڑے ملنسار اورہنس مکھ، متواضع اور بامروت،ذہین اورمعتدل المزاج۔ حق تعالیٰ ان پر اپنے انواروبرکات کانزول فرمائے اور جنت الفردوس میں ان کو مقام عطافرمائے۔ [مئی۱۹۵۳ء]
It is above-board that teachers play an important role in forming, formulating, molding and developing the society as individuals and as a whole. The youth has ever been an icon to lead the community in every sphere of life. The young stuff has played the pivotal role in preaching, scribing, teaching, political, economic and even diplomatic fields. The present research article explores the role of various companions of Holy Prophet (r) in these fields. Firstly, the Holy Prophet (r) groomed his companions, stormed their brains and paved them on the Divine way, then sent them to the said fields to work. Among those companions, Ḥaḍrat Muṣ‘ab bin ‘Umayr, Mu‘ādh bin Jabal, ‘Abdullāh ibn e Maktūm, Rāfi‘ bin Mālik, ‘Abdullāh ibn e Mas‘ūd, ‘Abdullāh ibn e ‘Abbās, Abū Sa‘īd Khudrī (y) as well as from females Ḥaḍrat ‘Āyshah, Ḥaḍrat Ḥafṣah, Shifā bint-e-‘Abdullah etc. Were appointed as preachers. Their task was not only to teach and educate the community rather to present themselves before them as paragon for their particular fields. The research concludes that the Prophet (r) laid down a criteria for selection of the teachers of Muslim Ummah. The selection criteria of the Prophet (r) was based not only on contingent variables but also on some special characteristics like teaching and training, potential empathy for the learners and a passion for social reformation. As a result, these preachers, after practicing their ideal and best performance, produced numerous educations, merchants, facilitators and reformers in the society. The present research paper will explore the companions’ efforts for the reformation of the society.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are being widely utilized in agriculture due to their biopesticide and biofertilizer potential. The indigenous PGPR inhabiting certain hosts can act as potent bioinoculants due to their native habitat and acclimatization to the environment. In current study, rhizobacterial mediated suppression of blast disease was investigated. Four hundred and fifty indigenous isolates were obtained from rice rhizosphere to assess their antagonism towards rice blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae. Only 100 isolates showed antagonistic activity. Twenty out of 100 isolates inhibited the mycelium growth of P. oryzae by 30–65% in vitro. Five strains, KFP-5, KFP-7, KFP-12, KFP- 17 and KFP-18, showing 63–65% antagonism towards P. oryzae, were tested for the production of biocontrol determinants and suppression of blast disease in rice plants. The antagonistic strains produced various biocontrol determinants such as the hydrolytic enzymes, protease, glucanase and cellulase with solubilization zone diameters of 10–19, 4.2–14.5 and 2–13.5 mm respectively and siderophores with zone diameter of 7–12 mm. The antagonistic strains also solubilized potassium, phosphorus and zinc from inorganic sources with solubilization zones of 2.1–3.2, 2.3–3.6 and 1.7-2.9 mm respectively. Three antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly suppressed blast disease with a disease score 1.1–1.9 and increased yield of rice grown in pot. The antagonistic strains, KFP-5, KFP-7 and KFP-17 significantly induced the antioxidant enzymes against P. oryzae infection in rice and secrete biocontrol determinants in rhizosphere. They induced the activity of superoxide dismutase (1.7-1.9 fold), peroxidase (3.5-4.1 fold), polyphenol oxidase (3.0-3.8 fold), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (3.9-4.4 fold), in rice leaves and roots under hydroponic and soil conditions. The antagonistic strains also secreted multiple biocontrol determinants like protease (1.1-5.5 U/mg of soil or U/mL of hydroponic solution), glucanase, (1.0-1.3 U/mg of soil or U/mL of xii hydroponic solution), siderophores (6.5-42.8 µg/mL or mg) in the rhizosphere of different rice varieties. These antagonistic strains also exhibited bio efficacy under field conditions. They significantly reduced disease severity by 40-52% with grain yield of 3.2-3.9 ton ha-1 in rice. The bioantagonists significantly colonized the rice rhizosphere with a cell population of 2.40E+06-5.6E+07 CFU/g of soil. Rice plants treated with antagonistic bacterial suspension followed by challenge inoculation with P. oryzae were found to have higher enzymatic activities like superoxide dismutase (308-266 Ug-1 FW), peroxidase (change in absorbance (∆A) = 0.20-0.71 min-1 g-1FW), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (∆A = 0.32-0.59 min-1 g-1 FW) and polyphenol oxidase (∆A = 0.29-0.58 min-1 g-1 FW). A consistent performance of the strains was observed during consecutive two years. The potent antagonistic strains were identified as Bacillus spp. strains KFP-5 (Gene bank Accession No KT380825), Bacillus spp. KFP-7 (Gene bank Accession No KT380826) and Bacillus spp. KFP-17 (Gene bank Accession No KJ719446) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These findings suggest that indigenous Bacillus spp. could be a potential bioinoculum for rice to control blast diseases and enhance yield.