Intelligence System of Holy Prophet (PBUH) an Important Military Tool

In the modern warfare, intelligence plays a pivotal role, and is, therefore, considered an essential part of defense strategy in all countries. In the Islamic defense system, intelligence has been an important tool right from the days of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). This paper aims at explaining the importance of intelligence for the defense of an Islamic State according to the teachings of Islam.  The word intelligence in this paper has been used in the military sense. The scope of this paper is limited to the Holy Quran, Hadith and prominent events of the Hijrah, battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench and consequent of Makkah. Intelligence is considered the most important tool of war in modern times. No army can fight without it.  Getting information about enemy’s plans, assets and movement (ops intelligence) and safeguarding own information; morale and loyalty of the troops (counter intelligence) are its two main aspects.  An overview of the Holy Quran, Hadith and life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) reveals that both there aspects of intelligence have been given due importance in Islam.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Treatment of Hepatitis in Faisalabad, Punjab

Economic growth models have been extended to recognize the importance of health and to include it as a human capital input. Keeping in the view the importance of health in economic development, this study aims to calculate the socio economic determinants of knowledge and attitude towards hepatitis B and C which are the main sources of dismalness, mortality and genuine general wellbeing issue in Pakistan and are affecting approximately two billion people worldwide. So, this study also aims to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP) for vaccination and economic burden of this disease so policy suggestion can be given to competent authorities for decreasing the burden. Data from 600 respondents were collected for the study. Tobit model is used to calculate the determinants of knowledge and attitude towards hepatitis patients. Multinomial logistic model is used to calculate the WTP for vaccination. Direct and indirect annual costs are also calculated for hepatitis B and C. It is found that mostly people have no knowledge about the disease and mostly people had negative attitude toward patients. Income, urban areas and education have positive impact on knowledge and attitude. High income group and educated people are more willing to pay for vaccination and treatment for hepatitis. It is also found that hepatitis treatment cost is very high in Pakistan. It has great economic burden on people. The study shows that hepatitis disease has also significantly negative impact on agriculture production. It is recommended that Government should launch the awareness campaign to increase the knowledge about this disease especially in rural area so that attitude can also be shifted from negative to positive. People have low capacity to pay therefore a large scale vaccination program is suggested to overcome this menace. The average annual cost for treatment of hepatitis per patient is Rs. 152648.91 Per annum. Hepatitis patients spend 28 percent of their average annual income on treatment showing that people have not capacity to afford its treatment. WTP for treatment of hepatitis is also recorded and it endorses the notion above. Therefore, government should intervene in the channel to support the most vulnerable patient (poor) for their treatment.