خلیق حسین ممتاز
خلیق حسین ممتازؔ (۱۹۳۷ئ۔پ) اصل نام ہے اور ممتازؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پٹھان کوٹ ضلع گورداسپور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کے والد حکیم نیا زحسین نیاز اردو اور پنجابی کے اچھے شاعر تھے۔(۸۹۳)آپ کا شعری کلام’’ابلاغ‘‘ ،’’امروز‘‘،’’آدابِ عرض‘‘،’’تجوید نو‘‘ اور ’’ادبی ایڈیشن‘‘ جنگ میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ کا شعری مجموعہ ’’اساس فکر‘‘ ۲۰۰۵ء میں طہٰ پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔
یہ کتاب غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ ’’صحیفہ مودت‘‘ ایک شعری مجموعہ زیر طبع ہے جو حمد،نعت ،منقبت اور سلام پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ کچھ اور مسودے ہیں جن کے نام ابھی زیر غور ہیں۔خلیق حسین ممتاز ایک قادر الکلام استاد شاعر ہیں۔ سیالکوٹ کے کئی شعراان کی شاگردی اختیار کیے ہوئے ہیں۔ انھیں علم عروض پر مکمل دسترس حاصل ہے۔ممتاز شاعروں کے ایسے گروہ سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں جو کائنات کی ہتھیلی پر اُبھرے ہوئے خط جمال کو مزید گہرا اور تابناک بنانے میں مصروف ہیں۔ ان کے نزدیک شاعری زندگی کو حسن عطا کرتی ہے۔ ان کی شاعری انسان میں امید پیدا کرتی ہے اور مایوسیوں کے اندھیروں سے باہر نکالتی ہے۔رجائیت ان کی شاعری میں جگہ جگہ دیکھی جا سکتی ہے۔ ان کے اشعار ابہام سے پاک ہوتے ہیں مصروں میں روانی اور چاشنی محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ وہ روایت کے ساتھ جدیدیت کے قائل ہیں۔ روایت اور جدیدیت نے ان کی سوچ کو آفاقی بنا دیا ہے۔ ان کی شاعری میں زندگی کے سبھی رنگ موجود ہیں ۔موضوعاتی نظم ان کا حصہ ہے وہ ایک مکتب فکر کی حیثیت رکھتے ہیں۔ آپ کا کلام زیادہ تر مروجہ اور بنیادی شعری اصولوں اور پیمانوں کی میزان پر پورااترنے کے ساتھ سا تھ حقیقت کے قریب تر ہے۔ آپ کے لفظوں میں سچائی نظر آتی ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
وہ جس کا رہتا ہے آنکھوں میں عکس آویزاں
Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.
Although the yield potential of spring maize is much higher than autumn maize, high temperature at reproductive stage is one of the main problems in spring especially in late sown conditions. Early sowing of the crop seems an ideal solution to escape the crop from heat spell but low temperature causes poor emergence and seedling establishment. Under these temperature extremes, osmotic and oxidative stresses are major reasons of crop damage. Exogenous application of various physiological strategies like antioxidants, osmoprotectants and plant hormones may lessen the damage. Initially in first two experiments, three levels of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide (0, 20 and 40 mg L-1) were optimized as seed priming or foliar application strategies under net house condition using single maize hybrid (Hi Swan-9697). The optimization was done on the basis of emergence and seedling vigor in priming experiment, 20 mg L-1 was selected as an optimized level all these compounds as an effective priming strategy. Seed primed with AsA, SA and H2O2 resulted in faster emergence, better, more and uniform stands. Seed priming with AsA, SA and H2O2 improved seedling vigor by increasing leaf Chl, nutrient content and better defense system with stimulating activities of SOD, CAT and POD in seedling. Foliar application of AsA, SA and H2O2 improved seedling vigor by increasing chlorophyll, nutrient contents and improving antioxidant defense system. Both levels of solutions of foliarly applied AsA, SA and H2O2 are equally effective for improving seedling vigor so the lower level of (20 mg L-1) was selected. The field experiment was conducted to explore the role of AsA, SA and H2O2 as seed priming agent and foliar application at three sowing dates i.e early (1st February), optimum (22nd February) and late (15th March). Different priming treatment enhanced rapid emergence but both priming and foliar application strategies caused earlier tasselling, silking and physiological maturity at each sowing dates. Improving antioxidants and nutrient homeostasis enhanced chlorophyll which improved growth and development under early and late stress conditions. It is suggested that all physiological strategies increased grain yield associated with improvement in number of grain and size of grain at each sowing dates by improved antioxidants defense system and nutrient homeostasis which reduce oxidative damages and improving stress tolerance under late sown condition of spring maize.