عقیدہ تناسخ اور عہد الست میں فرق کے حوالے سے امام رازی کے موقف کا جائزہ

Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) According to Shariah, there is a second world beyond this physical for reward or punishment of deeds which is known as the Day of Judgment Doomsday.  On this day, the Scale will be set and human actions will be weighed. Consequently, he will deserve either Paradise or hell. Paradise is an abode of perpetual rest and satisfaction whereas hell is a place of humiliation and degradation.  

Molecular Studies on Plant Based Cyclotides for Protein-Protein Interaction

Bioactive agents like secondary metabolites and peptides are gaining much interest while addressing the issues of agricultural and health threats including pests and pathogens and in drug development. Among the plant bioactive peptides, cyclotides being disulphide rich, stable, resistant and having ability to graft epitopes on it or allow sequence variations in its different loops that are very important regarding biological application and research interests for drug development and delivery. The present study was therefore focused on evaluating the bioactive potential of cyclotide bearing indigenous plants including Viola odorata, Viola tricolor, Viola hybrid, Petunia, Clitoria ternatea, pansy F1, Panicum vigatum, Panicum laxam, Panicum maximum and Hamelia patens. The extracts were prepared in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and protein extraction buffer (PEB). Ptunia and MCOTI-I both separately showed highest DPPH activity (antioxidant) due toas the activity was reduced significantly after treating with Proteinase K. Hamelia possessed highest reducing power, hemolytic, thromobolytic and antimicrobial activites. Mutagenic responses of the (Ames test) medicinal plants were not significant. DNA demage protection assays were also done on all protein extracts including MCOTI-I. Cyclotide genes were also isolated from the selected plant’s DNA using specific primers. It was found that the chimeric arrangement of cliotide gene (from Clitoria plant) as most attractive with conserved sequences in cyclotide and Albumin-1 domains and little intronic variations. Moreover, for cyclotide-protein interaction studies, Texas Red-DBCO amine dye was synthesized to label MCOTI-I-AziF with p-azidophenylalanine Uaa in origami DE3. Optimizations were first done by using the MCOTI-I and its label form MCOTI-I-Lys-TxRd. The click reaction to bind TxRd-DBCO with MCOTI-I-AziF was finally done in buffered guianidinum HCl at a molar ratio of 1:100 and analysed through LC/MS and MCOTI-I-AziF-TxRd-DBCO was confirmed by mass spectrometry. For binding assay FRET analysis was done with Trypsin-EGFP, saturation was achieved with KD value 29.7 ± 1.08 nM. Optimization of same amount of MCOTI-I inteins (using westernblot) was taken in 3-4 h. The IPTG induction avoided the overnight incubations and unwanted backgrounds. The MCOTI-I a cyclotide was expressed for the first time in yeast cells. Current research opens new understandings towards the bioactive xii potential of cyclotide bearing plants with/without peptide content, genetics of cyclotides genes from indegenous plants, optimizations of expression and in vitro labeling studies of MCOTI-I for optical studies regarding drug development and targeting.