سکھ مت کا تصور توحید اور اس پر اسلامی تعلیمات کے اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ (گرو گرنتھ صاحب کی روشنی میں) An analytical study of the concept of monotheism in Sikhism and Islamic influences on it

The basic concept of monotheism is found in the teachings of Guru Nanak. There are basically two doctrinal things in Sikhism. One is the belief in the oneness of God and the other is the promotion of human brotherhood. In Guru Granth Sahib, the words of some devotees also convey the idea of polytheistic beliefs. However, as far as the words and ideas of Guru Nanak are concerned, they seem to be safe from polytheism. According to Sikh Dharma, God is the Creator and Almighty of the world and he is eternal. Guru Nanak's concept of God is similar to Islam's concept of monotheism. The monotheism of Sikhism as a whole is between Islam and Hinduism.  In addition to acknowledging the existence of God, Granth Sahib also acknowledges the greatness of the gods and goddesses. But Guru Nanak used to give the status of creatures to all these gods and goddesses. The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wujud is very strong in Sikhism. But in Islam and Sikhism there is a clear difference between the interpretations of the doctrine of Wahdat-ul-Wujud and Wahdat-ul-Shuhud. Undoubtedly, Guru Nanak was deeply influenced by the concept of monotheism in Islam. Similarly, other Gurus have also stated contradictory teachings in their discourse on monotheism in Granth Sahib.

Adaptive Simultaneous Multipath Transmission Schemes

The increase in the availability of multimode devices for ubiquitous network ac- cess and the need for larger bandwidth create thrust for utilization of simultaneous network connections. Unfortunately, the standard transport layer protocols like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) have architectural constraints due to which an Internet application can use only one interface at a time. The stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) provides support for concurrent multipath transfer (SCTP-CMT). Aggregated performance is analyzed with a number of experiments to measure the aggregated throughput of SCTP-CMT by using a very popular network simulator, NS-2. It is observed that the aggregated throughput is about 20% of the available aggregated band- width. The signi cant reduction in the aggregated throughput demands a careful scrutinization of its reasons. After carefully analyzing and carrying out some further experiments, it is di- agnosed that non-di erentiation of missing packets into intra and inter-path, usage of traditional congestion window management for these missing packets and using static fast retransmit threshold which is independent of available receiver bu er space, are the main reasons for the aggregated throughput degradation. Simulta- neous multipath transmission (SMT) schemes are proposed to handle the above mentioned issues with the intention to increase aggregated throughput by avoid- ing Rbuf blocking problem and e cient utilization of available Rbuf space. SMT- modi ed fast retransmit (SMT-MFR) and SMT-adaptive modi ed fast retransmit (SMT-AMFR) schemes are formulated for SCTP. To analyze the SMT-MFR in realistic network environments, a number of simulation scenarios are carried out. The initial results revealed that SMT-MFR has overcome Rbuf blocking with im- provement in aggregated throughput ranging from 164% to 72.4% (from normal to worst scenario respectively). SMT- MFR is composed of two sender side modules, i.e., inter-path missing packet di erentiation (IMPD) and multihomed congestion control (MCC). The IMPD module di erentiates the missing packets according to its cause of missing such as, packet missing due to network congestion or due to multiple path e ects. The MCC mechanism triggers the fast retransmit event with respect to the cause of the missing packet. The SMT-MFR has successfully over- come the Rbuf blocking problem, abnormal congestion window (cwnd) reduction and has improved the aggregated throughput.