1۔قتل عمد
"عمد کے معنی قصد اور ارادہ کے ہیں اور ظاہر ہے قصداً اور ارادہ کی خبر اس وقت تک نہیں ہو سکتی جب تک اس کی کوئی دلیل نہ پائی جائے اور وہ دلیل کا ایسے دھار دار اور مہلک ہتھیار کا استعمال کرنا ہے جو قتل کا ذریعہ بنا لہذا ایسی صور ت میں قاتل قصداً اور بلارادہ قتل کرنے والا سمجھا جائے گا۔ وہ قتل جو قصداً و ارادتاً کسی دھاری دار ہتھیار سے اور قتل کرنے کے ارادہ سے قتل کیا جائے یا ایسی چیز سے جو دھاری دار آلہ کے قائم مقام ہو، جیسے دھاری دار لکڑی ، بانس کا ٹکڑا ، پتھر کا دھاری دار کنارہ یا مثلاً آگ میں جلا دینا ، بجلی کے کرنٹ اور زہر سے ہلاک کرنا ۔ " 186
امام ابو یوسفؒ اور امام محمد ؒ قتل عمد کی تعریف یوں کرتے ہیں
"اگر کسی شخص کے کوئی ایسی چیز ماری جائےجو انسان کو ہلاک کرنے میں عام طور پر تاخیر نہیں کرتی جیسے بہت وزنی پتھر ، بہت بڑی اور بھاری لکڑی ، اس لیے کہ اتنی بڑی اور بھاری چیز مارنے سے کسی کو ہلاک کرنے کے علاوہ اور کوئی قصد نہیں ہوتا لہذا ایسی صورت میں اگر موت واقع ہو گئی تو قتل عمد کہلائے گی۔ "187
قتل عمد کے نتائج
اس قتل کانتیجہ یہ ہے کہ قا تل گناہ گار ٹھہرااور اسے عذاب کی وعید سنائی گئی ہے۔ قرآن مجید میں ہے ۔
﴿وَمَنْ يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ خَالِدًا فِيهَا وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَلَعَنَهُ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُ عَذَابًا عَظِيمًا﴾188
"اور جو شخص کسی مومن کو جان بوجھ کر قتل کرے تو اس کی سزا جہنم ہے جس میں وہ ہمیشہ رہے گا اس پر اللہ کا غضب اور لعنت ہے اور اللہ نے اس کے لیے...
This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.
Nowadays, considerable attention has been given to those plants which have highest antioxidant value because they are used for the treatment of various dermal disorders such as acne, inflammation, hyper pigmentation, dry skin and for aging. They are also used as sunscreens, moisturizing and smoothing agents as synthetic agents have various adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate a thermodynamically stable carrier system which contains Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and used as topical oil-in-water emulgels. Their characterization was done through in-vitro studies and was evaluated through in-vivo studies upon facial skin of healthy human female volunteers.Extracts of fruits i.e Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa were prepared successively and the antioxidant activity of both fruits were determined by DPPH (2,2, diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay. The antioxidant activities of Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts were 84% and 79% respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both fruit extracts were determined by qualitatively and quantitatively. Suitable oil-in-water type of emulgels E1 containing 4% Persia americana fruit extract, E2 containing 5% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and E3 containing combination of 2% Persia americana and 2% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts and a base emulgel containing no fruit extract were prepared. All theses emulgel formulations were kept at four different stability storage conditions i.e at 8˚C, 25˚C, 40˚C and40˚C+ 75% RH for study duration of 3 months to observe the following physical parameters like colour, odour, thickness, pH, conductivity, centrifugation, rheological parameters and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). This study was performed according to the criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characterization of emulgel formulation was done by applying these formulations on facial skin of healthy human female volunteers for study duration of 3 months to evaluate the following parameters i.e skin melanin, erythema, moisture, sebum, elasticity, Surface evaluation of living skin (skin scaliness, smoothness, roughness and wrinkles) and R parameters of elasticity through cutometer. The study was single blinded and controlled with three groups of active formulation (E1, E2 and E3) and each group having 13 female volunteers. The statistical analysis was done through two- way ANOVA at 5% level of significance and also through paired sample t-test. Active formulations showed significant decrease in skin melanin contents, skin erythema contents, skin sebum contents while a significant increase in skin elasticity and skin moisture contents were observed with respect to base. Active emulgel formulation also showed a significant effect on SELS parameters in increasing the skin smoothness and a significant effect was also observed in decreasing the scaliness, roughness and wrinkleswith respect to base. Therefore it can be concluded from this study that active formulations (E1, E2 and E3) were found completely safe and effective to be used as anti-aging and skin whitening agent by improving the patient compliance.