Density of Aedes Aegypti Larvae Based on Knowledge, Attitude, and Action to Eradicate Mosquito Nest in Daya Market of Makassar City

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a dengue virus infection which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. To prevent the occurrence of dengue cases, it is necessary to eradicate mosquito nests. The market is one of the public places that has a risk of dengue transmission. This study aims to determine the density description of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes and actions of cleaning managers, traders and visitors to Pasar Daya Makassar City. This type of research is descriptive observational. The research samples were cleaning managers, traders and visitors as well as containers at Pasar Daya and at the respondent's house. Sampling for respondents using purposive sampling method using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the number of containers positive for ae. Aegypti larvae in the Daya market was 34 containers with a container index value (CI) = 35.4% and the value of Density Figure (DF) 8 and the presence of Ae. Aegypti larvae in the respondent's house (positive) amounting to (51.4%). At the level of knowledge of respondents in the poor category (68.6%), while the attitudes and actions of respondents in the poor category showed a high enough percentage, namely 65.7%, and (68.6%). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the density of Aedes aegypti larvae in Pasar Daya Makassar City is in the high category.

Contribution of Head Teachers’ Motivation Techniques to the Performance of Teachers of Government Secondary Schools of Karachi

Motivation is an integral part of human resource management. Without it, the employees of an organization will not give their excellent performance. The survival of an organization is conditioned by its motivated workforce. The study aimed to examine the contribution of motivation techniques, used by the head teachers in public secondary schools of Karachi, for the better performance of teachers. The study was conducted in two public secondary schools of Karachi, Pakistan through case-study method within the qualitative paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of a head teacher and two teachers from each school. Document analysis was also used to further triangulate the data. The findings of the study revealed that HTs used improvement of institutional environment, measures for teachers’ prestige and recognition, career development opportunities, accountability, reward, constructive feedback, incentives in form of professional development opportunities, freedom of expression for expectations, recommendation for promotion, status of prominence by creating teacher leadership structures, encouragement offered and interest shown enhanced the performance of the teachers as motivation techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the motivation techniques used by the head teachers worked to a great extent and resulted in excellent performance of teachers. The effect of motivation techniques was visible in the overall milieu of the school. The motivated behaviour and the body language of the teachers were the evidence of it. Moreover, the findings revealed some factors also that hindered the process of motivation like powerlessness of head teachers, corruption, ineffective use of ACR, and lack of transparency In the light of the above findings the study suggests that motivation techniques may be included in training courses of teachers, a special training course may be arranged for educational managers, administrators and supervisors and measure may be taken to facilitate the promotion of motivation process.