انشق القمر
اقتربت الساعۃ وانشق القمر(قیامت قریب آگئی اور چاند پھٹ گیا)
جمہور مفسرین کے نزدیک اس سے مراد وہی انشقاق القمر ہے جو جان دو عالم ﷺ کے عہد میں بطور معجزہ رونما ہوا ۔ بعض مفسرین رائے کے مطابق اس انشقاق سے مراد وہ انشقاق ہے جو قیامت قائم ہونے کے وقت رونما ہو گا کیونکہ آیت کریمہ میں اس سے پہلے قیامت کے قریب ہونے کا ذکر ہے اس لیے ظاہر ہے کہ انشقاق بھی وہی مراد ہو گا جو قرب قیامت کی نشانی ہے ۔ اس رائے پر یہ اعتراض وارد ہوتا ہے کہ قیامت کے نزدیک جو انشقاق ہو گا وہ تو مستقبل میں ہوگا ، اگر وہ مراد ہوتا تو مستقبل پر دلالت کرنے والا کوئی صیغہ لایا جاتا یعنی چاند پھٹ جائے گا ، جبکہ قرآن مجید میں اس انشقاق کا ذکر ماضی کے صیغہ سے کیا گیا ہے یعنی چاند پھٹ گیا ، اس لیے اس سے مراد قرب قیامت والا انشقاق نہیں ہو سکتا ۔ اس کا جواب ان مفسرین نے یہ دیا ہے کہ مستقبل میں جس چیز کا وقوع یقینی ہو ، اس کو اللہ تعالیٰ کبھی کبھی ماضی کے صیغے سے ذکر کر دیتا ہے اور اس سے مقصود یہ بتانا ہو تا ہے کہ اس چیز کا واقع ہونا اتنا متیقن ہے کہ گویا واقع ہو چکی ہے ۔ جس طرح اللہ تعالیٰ قیامت کو ’’ امر اللہ ‘‘ سے تعبیر کرتے ہوئے ارشاد فرماتا ہے اتی امراللہ ط اللہ کا حکم ، یعنی قیامت آ گئی ہے حالانکہ قیامت مستقبل میں آئے گی مگر متیقنا الوقوع ہونے کی وجہ صیغہ ماضی کے ساتھ اس کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے ۔ یہی صورت ۔۔۔ْ چاند پھٹ گیا ۔۔۔ میں بھی ہے ۔ یہ جواب نہایت معقول ہے اور اگر مسئلہ صرف اسی آیت...
Ideological Challenges of Atheism to the Muslim Societies and their Solutions from Islamic Perspective It’s a matter of fact that Muslim Societies are facing many socio-political and religious challenges within contemporary dominant waves of thought. One of the serious challenges being faced by the Muslim in the current scenario is Atheism. Although in past era, the Atheism couldn’t become influential with general acceptance of commoners but recently, the ideology of Atheism is spreading fast with statistically reported impact on all religions and civilizations. Atheism is a lack of belief in God, gods or any supernatural being along with the rejection of belief that any deities exist. The philosophy of atheism is nothing new, but it has changed its manifestations over a period. This is obvious that Atheism has now become a serious challenge ideologically and morally for Muslim societies. We are living in a fast-changing society, where preservation of Islamic belief is a challenging task particularly for the new young generation and modern educated lot. Atheists use every possible and available mean and tool for preaching their thoughts and beliefs i.e. Print media, electronic media and above all social media. In this context, this study will explore the questions that; what are the effects of Atheism in Muslim Societies and what is its solution in Islamic perspective? Analytical research methodology will be used in this study. This study perceives that the public and private sector universities are the soft target of Atheism. There is suggested legal, ethical & ideological mechanisms to protect Muslim Societies from threat of Atheism.
Poor oral bioavailability is a major challenge affecting the new drugs reaching the market due to its low aqueous solubility. Nanocrystals have the potential and rapidly providing a platform solution to substantially increase dissolution rate, solubility with subsequent enhanced bioavailability and effectiveness via the oral route of administration of a range of poor water soluble drugs. The current study is comprised on two parts utilized antimalarial drugs: the first part was comprised on fabrication of artemether (ARTM) and lumefantrine (LMF) nanoparticles using a novel top down wet milling approach (DENA DM-100) and in the second part: cost effective simplest approach of re-precipitation combined with ultrasonication was utilized for fabrication of artemisinin (ART) nanoparticles with the aims to enhance their dissolution and hence the bioavailability of these antimalarial drugs. Smart nanocrystals of artemether (ARTM) and lumefantrine (LMF) were fabricated in the form of nanosuspensions in shortest milling time (less than 1 hr) in both aqueous and acidic medium using a novel wet milling technology (DENA DM-100). Both high feedstock concentration (10% w/w) and low feedstock concentration (2.5% w/w) of ARTM and LMF yielded nanocrystals with maximum recovery of the active contents. Similarly, we revisited the simplest approach of re-precipitation combined with ultrasonication for fabrication of artemisinin nanoparticles in the form nanosuspensions. Different critical parameters, including the effect of different concentrations of stabilizers, temperature as well as optimum parameters/conditions were identified, which was found to be very critical not only for fabrication as well as for scale up of the batch size, which is critical issue associated with this approach. xii Additionally, the physical stability studies of artemether, lumefantrine and artemisinin were conducted for 90 days at different storage temperatures demonstrated that nanocrystals stored at 2-8°C and 25°C were most stable compared to the samples stored at 40°C. There was not observed any chemical degradation in the APIs during the chemical stability studies which was monitored for 07 days. Similarly artemether, lumefantrine and artemisinin nanocrystals were produced in the size ranges of 161±1.5 nm and 214.1±1.2 nm, 98.77±1.5 nm respectively, where they showed significantly enhanced solubility, dissolution rate and enhanced antimalarial efficacy (in vitro and in vivo) compared to its unprocessed, micronized, microsuspension and their marketed counterparts in relatively low dose. In summary the study demonstrates that both novel top down DENA (DM-100) technology and standard crystallization combined with ultrasonication are effective in producing stable nanocrystals with smallest particle sizes, increased saturation solubility and enhanced dissolution rate with enhanced in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities while controlling the key experimental and process conditions.