مولانا سید فخرالدین احمد
اس حادثہ کے چند روز بعدہی مولانا سید فخرالدین احمدصاحب کاحادثہ وفات پیش آیا۔ حضرت شیخ الہند ؒ کافیضِ درس وتربیت ایک ابرکرم تھا جوعرب و عجم کے ہر خطے بربرسا اور ہرشخص نے بقدر حوصلہ واستعداد اس سے استفادہ کیا لیکن مولانا حضرت شیخ کے ان چند تلامذہ وتربیت یافتہ حضرات میں سے تھے جو علم وعمل، ورع وتقوی اور فکرونظر کے اعتبارسے اپنے استاد وشیخ کے قالب میں ڈھل گئے تھے۔ چنانچہ ایک طرف ان کی حسین شخصیت درس حدیث کے مسند کی زینت تھی تو دوسری جانب زہد وورع اورعبادت و ریاضت کے سجادہ کی رونق۔ وہ ایک طرف بلند پایہ اوروسیع النظر عالم محدث وفقیہ تھے تواس کے ساتھ ہی جنگ آزادی اور میدان استخلاص وطن کے بہادر سپاہی اورمجاہد بھی تھے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ مشغلہ درس وتدریس کے باوجود جمعیۃ العلماء سے اس کے ایک فعال ممبر کی حیثیت سے ہمیشہ وابستہ رہے۔ عمرکااکثروبیشتر حصہ مدرسہ شاہی مراد آباد کی خدمت میں صرف ہوا۔شیخ الاسلام مولانا حسین احمدمدنی کی وفات حسرت آیات کے بعد دارالعلوم دیوبند کے شیخ الحدیث بھی مقرر ہوئے اورجمعیت علمائے ہند کے صدر بھی اور آخراسی پردنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے۔ عمرکم وبیش پچاسی برس کی پائی۔ادھر چندسال سے چند در چند عوارض واسقام کے باعث بہت کمزور اورچلنے پھرنے سے معذور سے ہوگئے تھے۔ لیکن اس کے باوجود، اس کوان کی روحانی طاقت یاقوت ارادی کے علاوہ اورکیا کہیے کہ جب وہ درس بخاری کے لیے بیٹھتے تھے توگھنٹوں ایک ہی نشست سے بیٹھے رہتے تھے ۔ درس اور اسی سلسلہ میں طلباکے سوالات کے جوابات پوری حاضر حواسی سے دیتے تھے اور تقریر کے وقت آواز میں بھی ضعیفی وپیری کاکوئی اثرمحسوس نہیں ہوتا تھا۔طبعاً کم گو تھے، مگر جب ضرورت ہوتی تھی تو تقریر بہت واضح اورمدلل کرتے تھے۔خود بزرگ اور...
The Gulf Wars, fought in 1991 and 2003 respectively, are inter-related with each other. These wars reshaped and totally changed the Geo-Political structure of the Middle East. Apparently, the Geo-Political importance of the Middle East has remained universal truth from the very first day of human being. In that regard, it has always remained like it in the eyes of world powers such as Romans, Greeks, Sassanid, Ottomans, UK, Russia and America. Chronically, US increased interference in the Middle East soon after the World War II (1945). Eventually, Saddam Hussain was Pro-Socialist and disliked American interference in the Middle East; that was why, US started to overthrow Saddam Hussain’s regime and control the Middle East oil resources. Due to that, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain into Iran-Iraq War for more than eight years, which became futile and fatal for both countries. Mercilessly, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain once again into devastative War between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990. After that, accusing Saddam of violating International Law, the US found reason to invade Iraq directly, which is known as the Gulf War I (1991). Awfully, Iraq was kept in war for than a decade. When the US failed to overthrow Saddam regime after devastative and savage attacks, she got passed resolutions from the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iraq due to allegation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Valiantly, innocent Iraqis endeavored economic sanctions for more than a decade. After the inspection of world experts’ teams, they could find neither any sign of WMDs nor any stockpile of WMDs. Apart from that, the US led Coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003, massacre millions of people, collapsed its economy and ruined its infrastructure.
The objective of study was to establish the potential of inexpensive and locally available biomaterial i.e. lignocellulosic waste of Citrus fruits as biosorbent to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solution. The Citrus waste biomasses i.e. Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limetta and Citrus paradisi were analyzed and screened having optimum sorption capacity for reactive dyes. Citrus sinensis biosorbent was selected and its sorption potential for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49 was investigated with variation in the parameters such as pH, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature. Biosorbent was chemically treated by organic and inorganic reagents of which acetic acid enhanced the sorption capacities for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49; and acetonitrile for Reactive red 45 attaining equilibrium in 60 minutes. While immobilization of biosorbent into calcium alginate beads decreased the sorption capacity and prolonged the time to achieve equilibrium upto 120 minutes in case of all reactive dyes. Experimental data showed good fit with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Pseudo second order rate law described best the sorption mechanism with a high coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.99). The mechanism of sorption was found to be physiosorption. FT-IR analysis of biosorbent revealed the presence of C=O, C−O, NH and OH groups on the surface of biosorbent. SEM imaging of biosorbent surface before and after biosorption visualized fibrous texture of biosorbent. Desorption experiments were also performed to regenerate the biosorbent making the process more economical and environment friendly. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration on the sorption capacity of Citrus sinensis biosorbent was investigated using central composite design matrix and response surface methodology. The probability values less than 0.0001 designated the good fit of sorption data by the model. High values of coefficient of determination (R 2 0.987, 0.998, 0.988 & 0.999 for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49, respectively) indicated evaluation of biosorption data by second order polynomial equations very well. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration was found significant and sorption capacity was optimum at acidic pH range, smaller biosorbent dose and higher dye concentrations. The results proved Citrus sinensis to be a favorable biosorbent to be applied on industrial scale.