پیشہ ور مجرم عام طور پر سرکاری عہدیداروں ، سیاست دانوں اور بااثر افراد سے منسلک ہوتے ہیں۔ انہی افراد کے اشاروں پر بعض اوقات فرقہ واریت اور دہشت گردی ہوتی ہے ۔ عام طور پر اس طرح کےمعاملات میں لوگ قوانین حدود وقصاص کے تحت سزا سے بچ جاتے ہیں ۔ ضرورت اس امر کی ہے کہ پیشہ وران مجرموں سے سختی سے نمٹا جائے تاکہ معاشرے کو معاشرتی نا ہمواریوں سے محفوظ رہا جا سکے۔
The ancient 5000 BCyears old Indus Valley Civilization, widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia. It is one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient EgyptianCivilizations and Mesopotamian civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro is located west of the Indus Riveraround 28 kilometres (17 miles) from the town of LarkanaDistrict, Sindh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921. It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'. It is the name given by the locals to the place. The total area of Mohenjo-daro is 620 acres. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many important objects from Mohenjo-daro are conserved at the National Museum of India in Delhi and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. In 1939, a representative collection of arteffacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Deciphering In Vitro Regeneration Capabilities of Wheat and Investigations of Genetic Transformation in Wheat and Barley An efficient and reliable genetic transformation system is imperative for the improvement of food grains such as wheat and barley. While wheat transformation is complex due to its larger genome and high ploidy level, the barley has a limiting factor of genotypic dependency. In addition, cereals are known to be recalcitrant towards callus induction and regeneration. The biological processes behind in vitro response are complex and poorly understood. Selection of responsive genotypes and suitable media for tissue culture are important for genetic transformation. Mature embryos of wheat cultivars, lines and special stocks were used to evaluate genotypic and chromosomal response to tissue culture with variable concentrations of 2, 4-D in MS-medium. Similarly, different concentrations of IAA, BAP and Kinetin were used to find optimum combinations for regeneration. Specific expression vector pBRACT 214-NDPK2 carrying NDPK2 gene was used to compare relative Agrobacterium mediated transformation efficiency in wheat and barley. Significant differences were found among mean values of calli obtained under different concentrations of 2, 4-D for the tested wheat cultivars and lines. Callus induction frequency varied widely with genotype and exogenous auxin source ranging from 21% (Chenab 2000) to 94% (Atta Habib) at 1 and 2 mg/L of 2, 4-D, respectively. Most responsive cultivars and lines were Atta Habib, Siran, Iqbal 2000, Inqalab 2000, Marvi 2000, CIITADSW2, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 which yielded maximum calli in a minimum time period of four weeks. It was found that from genome A the chromosomes 1A, 2A showed marked effect on callus induction, while from B and D genome the chromosome 3B, 7B, 2D, 4D and 6D were found responsible for the callus induction response. Based on the information from the response of substitution lines, the gene responsible for tissue culture response can be marked on to the individual chromosomes. Most efficient regeneration response was shown in Atta Habib followed by Siran and Chenab 2000 respectively. Wheat line CIITADSW5 showed significantly highest regeneration potential of 31% followed by CIITADSW1, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 each with 25%. Both wheat and barley showed different responses towards callus induction and regeneration. Both embryogenic and non embryogenic calli were found in wheat with significantly greater tendency for embryogenecity in barley. The barley transformed lines showed good response on the regeneration medium as compared to wheat. PCR analysis of putative transformants using genomic DNA analyses showed a promising transformation response in barley with 27% transformation efficiency opposed to wheat where no true transgenic was obtained in any cultivar used in this study. The protocol developed and optimized for wheat and barley transformation will greatly help in crop improvement programme through genetic engineering especially in diploid relatives of cereals. Findings of this study suggested that callus induction and regeneration were genotype and hormones dependent, but independent of each other.