Components of Valid Interrogation Techniques under Islamic Law

Valid interrogation of the accused is an art or skill in today’s modern world. The law and techniques of interrogation varies in the developed and developing world. Similarly, the Islamic law is not silent about the techniques of valid interrogation. There are specific rules and procedures for the interrogation of an accused either a criminal, an enemy, a spy or a war prisoner. This paper gives a detailed analysis about the principles and procedures of a valid interrogation process in Islam and its computability with the International Human Rights standards of interrogations. The paper argue that understanding the psychic-analytical niceties of interrogation helps an investigator to reach the truth. The paper finds that Islamic law gives full protection and safeguard to the rights of persons under custody and restrict the authorities to follow free and fair interrogation for ensuring justice. In this regard Islam presents a balanced view of the rights of the persons under custody and the executives exercise of legitimate force for interrogation. Islam strongly forbids torture and other inhuman ways of interrogation.

Neuropharmacological Studies on Memory Enhancing and Reinforcing Effects of Cns Stimulants in Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Repeated Stress

There is growing increase in the prevalence of depression and obesity. In addition there is growing need of cognitive enhancers. CNS stimulants seem to be effective alternative for all these therapies but are addictive. Apomoprhine, a D1/D2 agonist also produces CNS stimulant like effects. The present study is designed to monitor antidepressant and cognitive improving effects of apomorphine, methylphenidate and caffeine in rats exposed to unpredictable repeated stress. Antidepressant like effects was monitored as the ability of drug to reduce stress effects on locomotion in a familiar as well as novel environment. Reinforcing effects of drug were monitored as drug-induced behavioral sensitization and place preference in a CPP paradigm. Cognitive performance and drug-induced enhancement of learning and memory were monitored in a Morris Water Maze Test. Apomoprhine, methylphenidate and caffeine exhibit antidepressant like effects by producing hyperlocomtion and anorexia. Long term administration of moderate dose of apomorphine and low doses of methylphenidate and coffee produces sensitization and enhances CPP greater in stressed animals. However when apomorphine is experienced during the exposure of unpredictable repeated stress it suppresses stress effects and enhances locomotion, drug induced sensitization was also smaller. Single as well as repeated administration of low dose of methylphenidate enhances short term and long term memory whereas high dose enhances memory retention and produces sensitization and reinforcement. Coffee is also effective in reducing stress-induced cognitive impairment, but reinforcing when taken at high dose specially for stressful conditions. The present study shows that CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate and caffeine can reduce stress effects and may be useful for the treatment of depression. Apomorphine which also produces CNS stimulant like effects is also similarly effective. Moreover the present results tend to suggest that psychostimulant as well as apomorphine can improve cognitive performance and alleviate stress-induced memory impairment. Psychostimulant as well as apomorphine have addictive potential and should not be used for long term.