تصوف کی حقیقت اور اس پرہونے والے چند اعتراضات کاعلمی جائزہ

Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies, together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rights, legends, and magic may be related to them. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truth, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. Sufism also known as Tasawwuf variously defined as Islamic mysticism. The inward dimension of Islam is mysticism in Islam characterized by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history and represents "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam. Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis". Sufis have been characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of remembrance of god, often performed after prayers. This article describes of the reality and fact of mysticism, its verbal and literal meanings, and its historical background and also describes its regional division and causes of Tasawwuf. It also analyses of the objections and its answers of which occurred on it.

Association Mapping for Seed Traits in Wheat Triticum Aestivum L.

The present study was carried out on spring wheat germplasm to mine the nature and magnitude of morphological diversity and LD based association between markers and seed traits influencing the end use quality of wheat. The diversity patterns among 245 genotypes on the basis of phenotypic data revealed the extent of diversity which can be exploited for future breeding programs. Out of fourteen quantitative traits phenotyped, protein content, gluten content, starch and test weight contributed towards significant principal components (PCs) with highly significant correlation with chapatti and bread quality. Whereas, seed size and thousand grain weight were strongly associated with grain yield per plant. On the basis of principal component analysis, a set of 143 diverse genotypes was selected for SDS-PAGE analysis for HMW and LMW glutenin subunits. The frequencies of various HMW-GS were different for Pakistani landraces and modern Pakistani and CIMMYT germplasm. Landraces had a good chapatti quality and an overall poor bread quality while, the modern germplasm from both Pakistan and CIMMYT displayed good quality for both chapatti and bread. The correlation pattern between seed traits was similar in CIMMYT and Pakistani germplasm. Landraces and miscellaneous germplasm had different pattern of trait association from those of CIMMYT and Pakistani germplasm. On the basis of PCA and gluten protein profiling, 92 diverse genotypes were selected for subsequent association mapping. Population structure was detected with 30 unlinked SSRs that divided the population of 92 genotypes in three sub- populations. Extensive LD extent was found with 42 SSRs specific for 1B chromosome. Six SSR markers were found associated with six seed traits. In addition to finding novel markers, the results of association mapping from the study also confirmed previous results. The markers which were found significantly linked to the six quality traits may be used efficiently for the improvement of these traits through MAS.