3۔ قتل خطاء
قتل خطاء کی مندرجہ ذیل دو صورتیں ہیں :
1۔ خطاء فی القصد فاعل (قاتل )کے قصد اور ارادہ میں خطاء اور غلطی واقع ہو جائے ۔ اس کی صورت یہ ہے کہ کسی شخص پر تیر یا فائر چلایا یہ خیال کرتے ہوئے کہ وہ شکار ہے مگر اتفاق سے وہ آدمی نکلا یا یہ کہ کسی شخص کو حربی کافر سمجھتے ہوئے نشانہ بنایا ، لیکن بعد میں معلوم ہو ا کہ وہ مسلمان ہے ۔
2۔ خطاء فی الفعل فاعل ( قاتل) کے فعل میں خطاء ہو جائے ۔ اس کی صور ت یہ ہے کہ کسی نے نشانہ پر تیر مارا لیکن وہ کسی اور آدمی کے لگ گیا (نشانہ چوک جانے کی وجہ سے)196۔
قتل خطاء کے احکام
﴿ وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً وَمَنْ قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَأً فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَنْ يَصَّدَّقُوا فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ تَوْبَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا ﴾197
"کسی مومن کی شان نہیں کہ وہ کسی مومن کو قتل کرے لیکن غلطی سے ہو جائے تو اور بات ہے اور جو شخص کسی مومن کو غلطی سے قتل کر دے تو اس پر ایک غلام یا لونڈی کا آزاد کرنا ہے اور خون بہا بھی جو اس کے خاندان والوں کو دیا جائے مگر یہ کہ وہ لوگ معاف کر دیں اور اگر وہ ( مقتول خطا) تمہارے مخالف قوم سے ہے اور وہ خود مومن ہے تو ایک غلام یا لونڈی آزاد کرنا پڑے گا اور اگر وہ ایسی قوم سے ہے کہ تم میں اور ان میں معاہدہ ہے تو خون بہا بھی...
Pandemics always create dreadful effects not only on human life but also drastically influence businesses and industries. Historical evidence has apparently indicated that the outbreak of Spanish flu, SARS, MERS, and Ebola viruses, all created radical impacts on businesses around the globe, leaving behind the economic structures into miseries and deprivations. Similar is the case of COVID-19 outbreak which instigated from China and dispersed all over the globe. In Pakistan, the first case was reported in March 2020 and since then the government has relentlessly tried to impose lockdown and social distancing in order to avert the harm. It has been substantiated that the public isolations and lockdowns have not only yielded negative impacts on the economy but also on different forms of business and employment. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyze potential impacts of COVID-19 on different forms of industries in Pakistan through gathering the public opinion as the source of data. The study is one of the preliminary studies therefore it is based on descriptive design in order to show perceived impact of outbreak of virus. Results indicated that the pandemic is harmful and affecting most of the business in negative manner however there are some businesses which are burgeoning on opportunities emerged from the pandemic and attaining growth due to the spread of the virus.
There is great need in science education to promote students' scientific thinking to understand the natural and human-made phenomena in scientific manner. Argumentation is considered as one of the ways to promote scientific-thinking. But studies in the area of argumentation in the context of the developing world could not be located. Therefore, this study aimed to understand and explore the processes to apply the strategies to promote students' argumentation in a science grade seven of a public school in Karachi, Pakistan. The practical action research methodology based on cyclic model by Kemmis, McTaggart and Retallick (2004) was used to attain the aim of the study. This model is based on identifying the general idea, reconnaissance stage to identify the prevalent teaching and learning situation, planning, implementation, and monitoring of implementation process. In this study five students of class VII and one science teacher voluntarily participated. The data was collected through classroom observations, interviews, field notes, reflective journal, audio-recording of the students' conversation, and document analysis. The data was analyzed in two steps; on-going data analysis continued throughout the data collection process, and overall data was analyzed at the completion of the implementation process. In this regard, Toulmin Argument Pattern (TAP) was used to assess students' arguments. The results revealed that the students could construct better level of arguments by using claim, data and warrant components of TAP, through applying two different strategies. Such as: the whole-class discussion based-on students' personal experiences along with teachers' and students' questioning, and Predict-Observe-Explain (POE) along with working model about the sun, earth and moon. Besides, these strategies also facilitated the development of other aspects of argument like construction of content knowledge, scientific thinking, and culture for argument including questioning, acceptance of ideas, the social dimensions of argument and decision-making during argumentation. Moreover, during debate the students proposed arguments and counter arguments but could not demonstrate scientific attitude and social-dimension of argumentation. Modeling was implemented for development of the language for argument, through this students could visualize a suggested practice and they frequently demonstrated similar use of language to question or challenge the ideas and claims of each other. Subsequently, these questions seemed to create culture of argument and reasoning discussion in the classroom. However, during modeling students could demonstrate the use of appropriate language to challenge ideas but rarely presented and supported own ideas. The study implies that argumentation should be an important component