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Study of Non-Verbel Communication in Teaching Learning Process at Intermediate Level in Formal and Non-Formal Education

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Arif

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xvi,174.;

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 371.102 MUS; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710482901

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شیخ احمد علی شوقؔ

جناب شیخ احمد علی شوقؔ

نہایت افسوس ہے کہ کہنہ ادیب و شاعر شیخ احمد علی صاحب متخلص بہ شوق نے ۲۷؍ اپریل کو گونڈہ میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم ۱۸۸۲؁ء اور ۱۸۹۰؁ء کے درمیان لکھنؤ سے ’’آزاد‘‘ نام کا اخبارنکالتے تھے، جو اس عہد کے معزز و مشہور اخباروں میں تھا اور اس زمانہ کے ادباء کا مظہر خیال تھا اور سرسید کی تحریکات سے کافی ہمدردی رکھتا تھا، کئی چھوٹی چھوٹی مثنویوں کے بھی وہ مصنف تھے، اسیرؔ مرحوم کے وہ شاگرد تھے اور غالباً وہ اس خانوادۂ تربیت کی آخری یادگار باقی تھے، انہیں کے عہد میں اردو کی نئی شاعری کا آغاز ہوا، مرحوم ان قدیم شعراء میں تھے، جنہوں نے اس نئے رنگ کے قبول کرنے میں جھجک نہیں کی۔
ترانۂ شوق کے علاوہ ان کی غالباً آخری مطبوعہ مثنوی عالم خیال کے چار رخ اردو شاعری میں ایک نئی چیز ہے، کاش ان کے احباب و اعزہ ان کے کلام کا مجموعہ شائع کرکے انکی روحانی یادگاروں کو زندہ رکھ سکیں۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۲۵ء)

واقعہ غرانیق اور بیسویں صدی كے مستشرقین كی تحریرات

Orientalists in general have tried to smear the authentically excellent image of the Last Prophet (s. a. w.) and the Qur'an in an effort to cast doubt about the reliability of both the Prophet (s. a. w.) as the Final Messenger of Allah and the Qur'an as the revealed words of Allah. Among other issues they have touched and dwelt on one is what they allegedly refer to as Satanic Verses (praise ofgharEnEq [deities]). Some Orientalists of20th century like Karen Armstrong, Montgomery Watt, and Maxime Rodinson have paid special attention to this issue in their respective works. The very objective of their approach to this false story is to prove that the revelation of the Qur'an was not genuinely from Allah. They dishonestly ignored the very position of this incident fabrication. Many renowned Muslim scholars like Al-Qurtabi, Al-Radi, Qadi Ayaz, andIbnal-’Arab i proved the story related to Satanic Verses as totally baseless. This article analyses Orientalists' views on these called Satanic Verses and concludes that Orientalists failed to maintain their objectivity in their description of the story.

Synthesis, Characterization and Structural Determination of Some Transition Metal Fluoride Chelates

Nitrogen donor ligands have been found to cause d-block metal fluorides to dissolve in water ethanol and methanol. From some of these solutions metal fluoride hydrate complexes were isolated. The work had been concentrated on fluorides of metals that have a role in enzymes; copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt. A large number of fluoride complexes have been made and some of them produced crystals suitable for the X-ray analysis. The X-ray and infrared studies indicated that the structures were stabilized by extensive fluoride hydrogen bonding interactions involving ligand or lattice molecules. In some fluoride complexes, the fluoride hydrogen bonds were very strong. The X-ray structure determination of [Ni(im)6]F2.5H2O (1a) (im = imidazole) revealed the presence of octahedral configuration around nickel. This complex presents a rare example of a complex with lattice water hydrogen bonded to lattice fluoride. Both the intra and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds were observed in the structure of [Ni(im)6]F2.5H2O (1a). The lattice fluorides are connected by short hydrogen bonds to lattice waters. Moreover intra-molecular hydrogen bonds connect the lattice water to -NH group of imidazole. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds between lattice fluoride and -NH group of imidazole and between lattice water of one molecule and lattice fluoride of other molecule also exists and stabilizes the crystal. In [Ni(dmen)2F2].8H2O (1b) (dmen = 1,1,N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine) nickel has some what distorted octahedral geometry, in which it is coordinated to two fluorides and two 1,1,N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine ligands (dmen). The fluoride ligands are trans to each other and occupy axial positions. This is an example of molecular complex. xi The two hydrogen bonds of apical fluorides are R(F---O) = 2.6104(11) and 2.6798(12) Å which are among the short F---H-O hydrogen bonds between lattice water and fluoride ligand in a neutral complex. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of [Co(im)6]SiF6 (2a) (im = imidazole) provided a rare example of complex where SiF62- ion present as counter ion. SiF62- indicates regular octahedral geometry with all F-Si-F bond angles of 90.82(4) and 89.18(3)°. Each fluoride ion of hexafluorosilicate moiety is hydrogen bonded to two nitrogen atoms of coordinated imidazole with N-H---F = 2.9345(12) Å. The SiF62- anion join [Co(im)6]2+ cations through hydrogen bonds forming infinitely extended chains. A complex of cobalt and 1,10-phenanthroline [Co(phen)3]F2.2H2O (2c) was prepared. The X-ray analysis revealed weak hydrogen bonds between lattice fluoride and lattice waters. There are also strong hydrogen bonds between lattice waters with R(O2---O1) = 2.780(2) Å. This distance is significantly shorter than sum of their Vander Waal’s radii (3.04 Å). The crystal structure of [Co(bpy)2(CO)3]F.8H2O (2d) (bpy = 2,2 ́-bipyridine) showed that the cobalt has distorted octahedral environment. The complex has been synthesized without adding any carbonate. The source of carbonate could be air CO2, dissolved and get trapped in lattice during slow evaporation. O-H---O and O-H---F hydrogen bonds generate a one dimensional chain. The R (O---F) bond length in this complex is within the range of short lattice fluoride lattice water hydrogen bond distances. Two isostructural complexes [Co(dmen)2F2].2H2O (2b) and [Zn(dmen)2F2].2H2O (3) (dmen = 1,1,N,N-dimethylethan-1,2-diamine) were prepared. Their X-ray analysis revealed that coordinated fluorides occupied apical positions in both complexes. Lattice waters are strongly hydrogen bonded to apical fluorides. These F---HOH hydrogen bonds extend through the lattice and stabilize the complex. A relatively weak intramolecular hydrogen bond exists between axial fluorides and -NH groups. The linear chain complex [Cu(isna)4SiF6].9H2O (4) (isna = isonicotinamide) was prepared by reacting copper fluoride in methanol water mixture with isonicotinamide (isna). The X-ray structure of the complex [Cu(isna)4SiF6].9H2O (4) revealed the presence of chains built up by [Cu(isna)4]2+ and SiF62- ions, attached to each other via Cu-F-Si bonds. The coordination geometry around the copper is tetragonally distorted octahedral. The two axial copper to fluoride bonds are slightly elongated due to John Teller’ s distortion in octahedral Cu(II) complexes. Geometry around SiF62- is almost regular octahedral. Each fluoride of coordinated SiF62- is hydrogen bonded to two ring nitrogen atoms belonging to ligand isonicotinamide with R(N--- F) = 2.838(3) Å. Water molecule O(2) in lattice form four hydrogen bonds in tetrahedral geometry, one with amide nitrogen, second with carbonyl oxygen and two with water molecules.