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Studying the Effectiveness of Teaching Verbs Through Stick Figures at Primary Level

Thesis Info

Author

Imtiaz Khan

Supervisor

Abdul Ali Khan

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

88

Subject

English

Language

English

Other

Call No: 420.7 IMS; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710501592

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خالد جاوید کی طلسماتی دنیا

" جب تمہیں اپنے آپ کو بلند کرنے کی خواہش ہوتی ہے تو تم نظر اوپر اٹھاتے یوں۔۔مگر میں نیچے دیکھتا ہوں کیوں کہ میں بلندی پر ہوں ۔ تم میں سے کون ہے جو ایک ساتھ ہنسے بھی اور بلندی پر بھی ہو ۔ جو سب سے اونچے پہاڑوں پر چڑھتا ہے وہ ہر ایک غم ناک کھیل اور غم آلود سنجیدگی پر ہنستا بھی ہے "
اردو ادب میں ایسے بہت سے لکھنے والے گزرے ہیں جن کا لکھا ہوا کہانی سے پر ہوتا تھا کہانی پن ہی ان کی پہچان اور شناخت تھی مگر جیسے جیسے وقت گزرتا گیا دن مہینوں میں ، مہینے سالوں میں سال صدیوں میں تبدیل ہوئے تو لکھنے کے تقاضوں میں بھی تبدیلی آئی۔اکیسویں صدی انقلاب کی صدی ہے ایسا ہرگز نہیں کہ ایک انقلابی نعرہ لگایا اور انقلاب برپا ہوگیا بلکہ صدیوں سے آزاد ذہنوں نے اس کی آبیاری کی ہے تب جا کر یہ آزادی کی گھڑیاں میسر آئی ہیں ۔ ہر دور کا ادب اپنے الگ تقاضے اور رجحان رکھتا ہے مگر ان میں جو مشرک چیز ہے وہ ہے فنکار کا تخیل جس فنکار کے تخیل کے گھوڑے جتنے بے لگام ہوں گے وہ اتنا ہی بڑا فنکار ہوگا بشرطیکہ وہ لفظوں کی فسوں کاری سے واقف بھی ہو۔
احمد ندیم قاسمی ایک جگہ لکھتے ہیں :
" ہمارے ذق فن کا اصرار ہے کہ اگر فن کار حس کار نہیں تو وہ فن کار نہیں ۔ "
اس سے مراد ہے کہ فن کار اردگرد کی چیزوں کو چار چار آنکھوں سے دیکھتا ہے ایک عام انسان کے لیے راستے میں آنے والی جھاڑیاں رکاوٹ کا باعث ہیں مگر ایک فن کار اس سے زندگیوں کو بن رہا ہوتا ہے یہ ہی ذوق جمال ہے ۔
ایک فن کار اگر ایک...

قیام امن کے لئے حضرت عمر فاروق ؓکی خدمات

Peace has great importance both for the individual and the communal life. Wherever peace turned into unrest, the tendencies of social violence, mental sickness and insecurity start developing amongst the people. Peace and harmony were the hallmark of the reign of the 2nd caliph, Haḍrat ‘Umar. He gave the best governing mechanism to the people of Arab, when they were not fully aware of rules & regulation of government. Though the empire was wide spread, he exercised a great sort of command & control on it. He took the responsibility of providing his subjects their basic needs: Food, Shelter, Education, Peace and Justice. This was not only an ideal system of its time but became the role model for the modern welfare state. Peace and harmony is as important for a state as food & air are for life. Allāh has strongly emphasized in The Holy Qur’ān" on two things i. E., "Disharmony & hunger" which should be eliminated from a society. Haḍrat ‘Umer during his reign of 10 years presented Islām as a religion of peace & harmony, a religion, which respects humanity, peacefully resolves disagreements and curtails misuse of power. He himself possessed the qualities of peace & harmony to an utmost level, which were the traits of our Holy Prophet’s (ﷺ) personality. It is important to follow the Khilāphah of Haḍrat ‘Umar to bring peace & justice in the society.

Molecular Charaterization of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Surface Protein a Pspa in Pakistan Isolate

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has a major role in morbidity and mortality of children as well as of the elder population worldwide. Pneumococcus causes pneumonia, otitis media in addition to invasive diseases such as bacteremia and meningitis, which are collectively called pneumococcal diseases or infections. Pakistan, a country located in South Asia, is the third largest contributor in pneumococcal infections, specially ‘pneumonia’ in the world (IVAC/PATH Pneumonia and Diarrhea Progress Reports 2013-2017), it makes an ideal scenario to begin with preliminary exploring of pneumococcus characterization. Above in view, first part of the present study was designed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of the pneumococcal isolates. Further studies were undertaken for pneumococcal surface protein A gene (pspA) family/clade distribution, in-silico determination of its antigenic sites, their fusion, cloning and recombinant pilot expression study in E. coli. Thirty-eight pneumococcal strains from patients with pneumococcal disease (PD) were collected from a local hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and linezolid, while 80% were resistant to gentamycin. Serotype distribution revealed that 19F was the most prevalent serotype (23.6%), while ∼80% of the strains carried pspA gene belonging to PspA family 2 and clade 3. The in-silico determined PspA fusion protein was found antigenic in the immunoblotting assay. Recent epidemiological studies reveal that biofilm support and develop most human chronic infections. Keeping this, the second part of the thesis is focused on the characteristics of pneumococcal biofilm, grown on the biotic and abiotic substrate. Antibiotic susceptibility (erythromycin, 2μg/mL) and growth pattern of pneumococcal biofilm grown on biotic (Detroit-562 cells) and abiotic substrate (Thermonox coverslips) were evaluated. Results indicated that pneumococcal biofilm grown on immobilized biotic substrate challenge erythromycin more significantly than abiotic substrate. The similar results were obtained when the study was done using a bioreactor model, more xii than ∼90% increase in biofilm formation was noted when biotic substrate was provided for growth as compared to the abiotic substrate. The epithelial cells as well as the intercellular tight junction play an important role and are involved in the control of paracellular permeability. The S. pneumoniae colonize with epithelial cell layer, disrupted epithelial cells as well as tight junction, and translocate to other body parts, that promotes the development of pneumococcal invasive diseases. The third part of the study is concentrated on the analysis of invasive property of pneumococcus, using Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER). In this study, two different types of epithelial cells, Detroit 562 cells (pharyngeal cells) and Calu-3 cells (lung cells) were used; substantial decline in TEER was observed in the pneumococcal infected epithelial cells. Our study presented that pneumococcus invades the epithelial cells and causes damage to epithelial cell barrier with cytopathic effects. It was also observed that the invasion of pneumococcus is independent of its biofilm mass density. Previous research findings have shown an adverse association between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, present in nasopharyngeal carriage. But these epidemiological observations have no conclusive findings. The fourth part of the study was designed to demonstrate, how S. pneumoniae opposes and eradicate S. aureus. We have confirmed in this study that TIGR4, rapidly eradicated, preformed S. aureus biofilm, including biofilm produced by MRSA strain ‘USA300’. The eradication requires physical contact between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The requirement of physical contact was confirmed through confocal microscopy, colocalization experiments, and experiments utilizing a transwell system to separate the two bacterial species. The physical contact-mediated eradication was found very efficient as it completely eradicated a viable lawn of S. aureus biofilm with in 2 hours.