اسلامی مملکت کے بین الاقوامی تعلقات عصرحاضر کے تناظر میں

Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.

Mathematical Modeling and Optimal Control of a Vector Borne Disease

This dissertation is concerned with mathematical modeling and optimal control of a vector borne disease. We derive and rigorously analyze mathematical models to better understand the transmission and spread of vector borne diseases. First, a mathematical model is formulated to evaluate the impact of biological control of a vector borne disease "malaria" by considering larvivorous fish as a sustainable larval control method. To evaluate the potential impacts of this biological control measure on malaria transmission, we investigate the model describing the linked dynamics between the predator-prey interaction and the host-vector interaction. The dynamical behavior with all possible equilibria of the model is presented. The model also exhibits backward bifurcation phenomenon which give rise to the exis- tence of multiple endemic equilibria. The backward bifurcation phenomenon sug- gests that the reproductive number R 0 < 1 is not enough to eliminate the disease from the population under consideration. So an accurate estimation of parameters and level of control measures is important to reduce the infection prevalence of malaria in an endemic region. Our control techniques for elimination of malaria in a community suggest that the introduction of larvivorous fish can in principle have important consequence for the control of malaria but also indicate that it would require a strong predator on larval mosquitoes. Then, a new epidemic model of a vector-borne disease which has both direct and the vector mediated transmissions is considered. The model incorporates bilinear contact rates between the mosquitoes vector and the humans host populations. Using Lyapunov function theory some sufficient conditions for global stability of both the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium are obtained. We derive the basic reproduction number R 0 iiiii and establish that the global dynamics are completely determined by the values of R 0 . For the basic reproductive number R 0 < 1, the disease free equilibrium is glob- ally asymptotically stable, while for R 0 > 1, a unique endemic equilibrium exists and is globally asymptotically stable. The model is extended to assess the impact of some control measures, by using an optimal control theory. In order to do this, first we show the existence of the control problem and then use both analytical and numerical techniques to investigate that there are cost effective control efforts for prevention of direct and indirect transmission of disease. Finally, we present complete characterization and numerical simulations of the optimal control prob- lem. In order to illustrate the overall picture of the epidemic, individuals under the optimal control and without control are shown in figures. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations and suggest a promising way for the control of a vector borne disease.