مولانا محمد رفیع
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں ہمارے نہایت فاضل دوست لیفٹنٹ کرنل خواجہ عبدالرشید کالاہور میں، اورمولانا محمد رفیع صاحب کا انتقال دیوبند میں ہوگیا۔ اوّل الذکر پرتوایک مضمون برہان کی آئندہ اشاعت میں شائع ہوگا۔مولانا محمد رفیع صاحب حضرت شیخ الہندؒ کے نواسے تھے۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے فاضل اور پختہ استعداد کے عالم تھے، ان کے والد ماجد مولانا محمد شفیع صاحب جو علم و عمل، تقوی وطہارت اورفقر ودرویشی میں سلف صالحین کے نمونہ تھے۔عرصۂ دراز تک مدرسہ عبدالرب دہلی کے صدر مدرس رہے، مولانا محمد رفیع بھی عمر بھر اس مدرسہ میں استاد رہے۔والد ماجد کی وفات کے بعد مدرسہ کے ناظم بھی ہوگئے تھے۔ عملاً نہایت صالح،عابد وپرہیزگار،خوش پوشاک اورخوش اخلاق تھے، عمر۸۷برس کی ہوئی۔اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔ [اپریل۱۹۸۳ء]
‘Abdullah bin al-Mubark was born in Marw’ one of the prime cities in Khurasan, (nowadays in the surroundings of Afghanistan and Central Asia), in the year 118 AH. In addition to his many talents, achievements and abilities, ‘Abdullah bin al-Mubarak was also gifted in literacy, particularly in the art of poetry. He held an eloquent tongue which was recognized by all who conversed with him and his language displayed the nature of someone who had been taught well. Most of the poetry which has been recorded from him is actually his advice to others, whether they were close friends or high-ranking Caliphs and Rulers. The topics spoken of concerned the common issues which had arisen in his time (e.g. Matters pertaining to theology, politics, the worldview, the community etc) and as always, they contained much wisdom and hence the books of history have sealed them and recorded them. This research article discussed Biography of Abdullah ibn Al Mubarak, The Islamic Ethics in his poetry, Impact of Rhetoric on his poetry with special concentration on the four kinds i.e. Citation, impact of Quranic words, Quranic pictorial and Quranic style on his poetry.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has its applications from terrestrial to aquatic, from earth to cosmic, from agriculture to jungle and from home and offices to international borders. For it, tens to hundreds to thousands of nodes are deployed. So, the distance between the sources to destinations ranges from meters to kilometers that requires well-organized communication architecture with respect to software and hardware. Among constituents of communication architecture, routing is the most energy squeezing process. On focusing this issue, energy efficiency in the routing process is the ultimate goal of this dissertation that is achieved by setting some milestones. First target is to do a comprehensive analysis on energy aware routing in WSN and to present a detailed analysis on those factors that affect energy aware routing. This step gives backing for preparing the underpinning grounds for our further research. In a continuation of this work, clustered network architecture is analyzed and customized since it is extensively used by researchers for energy aware routing. However, more attention is required to ameliorate the energy consumption aspect of its cluster designing process. Hence, a novel design of clustered network architecture is introduced. The proposed design technique is innovative in its idea. Our novel layerbased hybrid algorithms for cluster head and cluster member selection come up to novel communication architecture. Since its substantial constituent is cluster designing, so it is named Multilayer Cluster Designing Algorithm (MCDA). The proposed design not only has an effect on lessening blind broadcasting, but also on decreasing the message exchange in a passionate way. It also encapsulates the beauty of efficient centralized decision making for cluster designing and energy-aware distributed cluster head selection and cluster member allocation processes. Comprehensive experimentations have been performed on the comparative analysis of MCDA with state-of-the-art centralized and distributed cluster designing approaches. Calculation of energy consumption at various aspects, number of designed clusters and number of packets broadcast during the cluster designing are the main performance parameters. It has been found that MCDA outperforms its competing algorithms with respect to the aforementioned parameters due to its multilayered synergistic mating approach. In the extension of this work, its constructive ramification; Extended MCDA is proposed to ameliorate the performance in network lifetime. Novel algorithms for time slot allocation, minimizing the cluster head competition candidates, and cluster member selection play underpinning roles to achieve the target. These incorporations in MCDA result in minimizing transmissions, suppressing unfavorable response of transmissions and near equal size and equal load clusters. Extensive simulations in NS2 are done to evaluate the performance of E-MCDA in energy consumption at various aspects, packets transmission, number of designed clusters, number of nodes per cluster and un-clustered nodes. It is found that the proposed idea optimistically outperforms the competition with MCDA and EADUC (Energy Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering). Next step is energy aware routing mechanism for WSNs is proposed. Constituents of this mechanism are analysis of MCDA for highlighting the parameters to be used for energy aware routing algorithm, Energy Efficient Cluster Head Rotation Technique and Energy Aware Routing Strategy for MCDA that is made up of inter-cluster and intra-cluster routing algorithms. Each constituent of this mechanism plays vital supportive role to other to achieve the target of energy awareness in the routing process. We conducted simulations in NS2 simulator to validate the performance of proposed scheme in comparison to TLPER (Threshold Based Load Balancing Protocol for Energy Aware Routing) and EADUC. Simulations results demonstrate the performance efficiency of proposed scheme in terms of various metrics compared to similar approaches published in the literature.