23. Al-Mu’minun/The Believers
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
23:01
a. Indeed, The Believers will succeed.
23:02
a. The Believers are those who humble themselves in their Salat/Prayers,
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a. and those who avoid frivolous talk and behavior,
23:04
a. and those who regularly pay out the Zakat/annual charity,
23:05
a. and those who guard their chastity -
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except from their spouses or from those whom their right hands possess -
for then, indeed, they are free from blame.
23:07
a. But whoever seeks beyond that limit, those - they are the transgressors,
23:08
a. and those who faithfully keep their trusts, pledges, contracts, and promises,
23:09
a. and those who guard their Salat/Prayers from worldly distractions.
23:10
a. It is they - they are the inheritors -
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who will inherit the Paradise of Firdaws,
they will live therein forever!
23:12
And, indeed, WE created the human being out of the essence of clay.
23:13
Thereafter, WE made him as a mingled drop in a secure repository of the female’s womb.
23:14
And, then, WE made an embryo/clot from the drop,
and then WE made a lump from the embryo/clot,
and, then, WE made bones from the chewed-up lump,
and, then, WE clothed the bones with flesh and muscles.
And, then, out of that tiny drop, WE structured him into yet another creation.
So Exalted is Allah - the Best Creator of all creators!
إن دقة ووضوح المحرر الإلكتروني جعلته يتساوى مع المحرر الورقي بل يتفوق عليه أحياناً، وحتى لا تهمش التشريعات المقارنة حجية المحررات الإلكترونية في الإثبات، كان عليها الاخذ بمبدأ التعادل الوظيفي بين المحررات الإلكترونية والورقية استجابةً لمركب التشريعات الحديثة وإغناءً لمنظومة الإثبات في التشريع المقارن، كما أن البحث في هذا الموضوع قد يؤدي إلى ازدياد ثقة المتعاملين في اعتماد المحررات الإلكترونية، ولتحقيق النتيجة من الدراسة تم إتباع المنهج التحليلي والمقارن، وتوصلنا إلى أن المحررات الموثقة على الدعامة الإلكترونية توفر هي الأخرى الضمانة والمصداقية والاستمرارية كما هو الحال بالنسبة للدعامة الورقية بشكلها التقليدي، وعليه يتوجب على التشريعات المقارنة توسيع نطاق تطبيق المحررات الإلكترونية في التصرفات القانونية وإسباغها حجية كاملة في الإثبات شأنها شأن المحررات الورقية.
Pothwar region, Pakistan is a hot spot for biodiversity, but the vegetation is constantly under pressure of exotic invasive plants. Phytosociological studies help to understand extent of biological invasion. Multiple analyses of ecological parameters at different locations derive general explanations of impact on species diversity in plant communities. The current study assessed impact of selected invaders viz. Parthenium hysterophorus L., Lantana camara L., Xanthium strumarium L. and Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ex Vent. invasion on native flora in Pothwar region of Pakistan. Paired plot experimental design with two categorical factors; invaded and non-invaded (control) under same habitat conditions was used for sampling. Differences in number of species (S), abundance (N), species richness (R), evenness (Jꞌ), Shannon index of diversity (Hꞌ) and Simpson index of dominance (λ) were calculated using PRIMER-7 software package. Ecological indices were compared between invaded and control plots by t-test series using IBM SPSS v. 21 software. Control plots harbored by an average of 0.9, 1.74, 1.28 and 1.3 more individuals per 10m2 respectively. The control category was diverse (Hꞌ=1.73, 2.56, 2.15, 2.00) than invaded category (Hꞌ=1.53, 1.56, 1.65, 1.82) for four studied invaders. Similarly, control plots showed higher value of Jꞌ and λ for all the studied sites. The higher value of species richness in control plots shows heterogeneous nature of communities and vice versa in invaded plots. The lower value of index of dominance in invaded plots shows less sample diversity than control ones. This decrease in number of species directly affects α- diversity in invaded plots. At multivariate scale, ordination (nMDS) and ANOSIM showed significant magnitude of differences between invaded and control plots in xvii all sites. The decrease in diversity indices in invaded over control sites indicated that plant communities become less productive due to invasion; hence a threat to plant diversity. Invasion impact was observed as Lantana camara > Xanthium strumarium > Parthenium hysterophorus > Broussonetia papyrifera. Results suggested appropriate control measures for studied invaders. Radish seed germination bioassay with methanol extracts harboring 0.05 gmL-1 of root, leaves, flowers and stem of selected invaders indicated L. camara leaves and X. strumarium fruits as most phytotoxic plant parts. Fractionation and bioassay guided isolation of allelochmicals from L. camara leaves against monocot (Phalaris minor Retz. & Avena fatua L.) and dicot (Rumex dentatus L. & Chenopodium album L.) weed test species provided evidence about herbicidal potential of test plant species. Among ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform and aqueous methanolic extract fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was shown to be most inhibitory to selected weed test species. Through flash column chromatography using mobile phase of Hexane : Ethyl acetate (60:40), 31 fractions were collected in small vials and tested for inhibition activity against radish seeds. Fraction with highest inhibition activity was subjected to GC-MS analysis that shows compound as ‘Vitexin’. To the best of our knowledge Lantana camara leaves have not been previously reported to possess flavonoid compound ‘vitexin’ and tested against weeds of wheat crop. So this investigation has provided a clue about its herbicidal importance for further research.