Scope of State in Legislation from Islamic Perspective

Islamic law is basically a part of a holistic system based primarily on the divine message enclosed in the Holy Qur'an and traditions of the Prophet (SAW), which are the main fundamental sources of Islamic law. After the demise of the Prophet (SAW), field of Ijtehād started development, which was already approved by the Prophet (SAW) in his life. The companions of the Prophet (SAW) developed the notion of Ijmā while early Muslim jurists discovered the Qiyās, Maslaha, Istislāh, Istehsān etc. Determining the location of authority and its scope in law-making has remained a complex situation for the western philosophers since long. As far as the case of Muslims is concerned, they are in the position to find solution of this situation as to where the authority dwells; enabling them to resolve many queries which seemed to be unanswered for the long time. It is important for the Muslims to comprehend the concept of Islamic institutions from the perspective of Islamic frame work and legal as well as constitutional history of Islamic history.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Drugs-Metal Complexes

Accelerated research in the field of Co-ordination chemistry has vitalize the scientists world over to consider transition metals as possible powerful agents to enhance the pharmacological activities of different drugs. Additionally, it has been explored that accompaniment of transition metal ions to a drug not only potentiates the already known pharmacological action of the drug but may also be responsible for exhibition of newer activities of the compound unnoticed hitherto. Medicinal inorganic chemistry is flourishing with successful clinical application of many metal complexes. Based on these findings the present work aims at synthesizing various transition metal complexes of some reputable and well practiced pharmacological agents. The drugs included antimicrobial agents, Isoniazid and Pyraziamide, antihypertensive agent, Losartan, antimycotic Fluconazole and oral hypoglycemic agent, Biguanide Metformin. Copper, Nickle, Cobalt, Mangnese, Iron and Cadmium ions were used for complex formation. The structures and characterization of all synthesized complexes were established and characterized by using FTIR, UV-visble, NMR, elemental analysis, AA, SEM and XRD data and their physicochemical properties was done by melting point, color, solubility, conductance and magnetic susceptibility values. The metal complexes of Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium strains resistant to commonly used anti tuberculous agents. Furthermore, all complexes were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antiplatelet and antibacterial activities. Cobalt complex of Pyrazinamide were found active against all resistant tuberculous mycobacterium strains while the Mangnese complex of this drug showed anti mycobacterial activity against two of the strains. All complexes of Isoniazid demonstrated activity against resistant strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Copper complex of Fluconazole exhibited cytotoxic activity against all four cancer cell lines whereas Cobalt and Iron complexes were cytotoxic against KB-3-1 cancer cell line. Pure Losartan was also found to be cytotoxic against cervical carcinoma cell lines. Contrary to these findings, Biguanide metformin metal complexes were inactive in terms of cytotoxic, antibacterial and antipletelet activities depicting no encouraging results.