سیرت نبوی کی روشنی میں بغاوت (خروج) سے متعلق احکامات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Islam orders to obey the ruler and not to indulge in activities that may cause disruption & instability of an Islamic state. This research discusses rules & regulations based on sīrah about rebellion (khurūj), and relevant topics from Islamic Jurisprudence. The basic question of this research is whether revolt against the ruler is permissible and what would be the punishment? This research elaborates four types of rebellion. Rulings of Muslim scholars regarding rebellion are subjected to the different positions of rulers. According to all school of thoughts the khurūj is not permitted if the ruler is lawful and serving his community with justice. In contrary, there is difference of opinions about the tyrannous and iniquitous ruler. This article concluded that majority of Muslim Scholars do not permit khurūj in any case, some others laid down very strict conditions in this regard.

Exploring a Principals Decision-Making Processes With Regard to Professional Development of Teachers, Engendering a Culture of Professional Development in the School

The relevant literature reveals that school leaders are at the forefront of the endeavor for implementing policies and making-decisions with regard to the professional development of teachers. In order to plan, implement, and evaluate the appropriate programming, school leaders, especially principals, must make decisions that promote a professional development culture in the school. This research study is aimed towards exploring the decision-making processes of the principal with regard to teacher's professional development in a private sector school. The study intended to know how these decisions support teachers' professional development, engendering a culture of professional development in the school. The researcher selected tire private sector because the principals working in the private sector schools are more autonomous as compared to their counterpart in the public sector. Since the study was undertaken in a real school context, qualitative case study design best suited the feat to explore and understand the processes involved in a principal's decision-making process with regard to the professional development of his/her teachers. Qualitative data were collected through interview, observation and document analysis. A semi-structured interview guide was used to interview the research participant. Findings of the study reveal that the decision-making process is a complex and tension-stricken process. There is no specific framework or way to process professional development decisions, rather it depends on the situation and professional needs of the teachers; one size may not fit in all situations. Therefore, the principal processes the decisions with regard to professional development using various strategies and procedures according to the situation; such as, sole decision, individual-led decision, shared decision and decision through intimation. Among all these processes, the principal of the school prefers shared decisions. However, because of different situation, shared decision-making could not always be practiced, but he mostly uses shared decision-making approach as an effective decision-making process. The findings of the study have implications for the private sector schools with similar contexts to lead the decision-making processes for professional development initiatives.