مولانا محمد الحسنی
ایک عربی شاعر نے کہا ہے:
من لم یمت عبطۃً یمت ھرما
1للموت کاساًفالمرء ذائقاً
¹’’جولوگ جوانی میں نہیں مرتے وہ بوڑھے ہوکرمریں گے۔بہرحال موت کی شراب ہرشخص کے لیے چشیدنی ہے۔‘‘
افسوس ہے گذشتہ مہینہ ہمارے علوم دینیہ و عربیہ کے دومرکزوں میں چند روز کے فرق سے شعر میں مذکوردونوں قسم کی حسرتناک موتیں واقع ہوئیں، پہلا واقعہ دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں مولوی محمدالحسنی کی اچانک وفات کاپیش آیا۔ مرحوم صحیح معنی میں متنبی کے اس شعر کے مصداق تھے:
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وہ کہنے کومولانا سید ابوالحسن علی میاں کے بھتیجے تھے مگردرحقیقت وہ مولانا کے لیے فرزند حقیقی سے بڑھ کرتھے۔مولانا نے اپنے فیض تعلیم وتربیت اورتوجہ خصوصی سے اس جوہر قابل کوایسا چمکایا کہ مرحوم عربی ادب وانشا میں مولانا کے مثنی بن گئے۔عرصہ سے’’البعث الاسلامی‘‘کے رئیس التحریر تھے، اس حیثیت سے انھوں نے جومقالات اوراداریے لکھے انہوں نے ہندوبیرونِ ہند کے اسلامی حلقوں میں دھوم مچادی۔ ان کی کتاب’’الاسلام الممتحن‘‘جوعالم اسلام اور خصوصاً عرب ممالک کے معاملات ومسائل سے متعلق اُن کے بیس برس کے اداریوں اورمقالات کامنتخب مجموعہ ہے، وہ عرب میں اس درجہ مقبول ہوئی کہ چندبرسوں میں اس کے متعدد ایڈیشن چھپ چکے ہیں۔ وہ اردو زبان کے بھی ادیب تھے۔مصنف اورمترجم کی حیثیت سے اس زبان میں بھی ان کی متعدد یادگاریں ہیں۔عمل وکردار اوراخلاق وعادات کے اعتبارسے وہ اپنے خانوادۂ والاتبار کی روایات کامکمل نمونہ تھے۔یعنی نہایت دیندار، صالح، متواضع، فقیر منش، طبیعت کے نہایت غیور و خوددار، خاموش اور باہمہ و بے ہمہ، دنیا اور اس کے زفارف عیش و عشرت سے قطعاً بے نیاز و روگرداں، عمر چالیس کے لگ بھگ ہوگی۔
خوش درخشید و بے شعلۂ مستعجل بود ۔
رحمہ اﷲ رحمۃ واسعۃ
[ جولائی۱۹۷۹ء]
The world today is now in the era of Information Technology. The development of ICT-based processes specifically in the area of assessment in school is now visible. Project LISTEN (Literacy Innovation that Speech Technology ENables) is an inter-disciplinary research project at Carnegie Mellon University to develop a novel tool to improve literacy – an automated Reading Tutor that displays stories on a computer screen, and listens to children read aloud. This study does not provide right or wrong answers for they let the user evaluate the answer. The main objective of this study is to develop an Alternative Math Assessment Tool for Preschoolers using Speech Recognition. These software aims to assist teachers in the review of Math lessons for preschooler using speech recognition. The development of the system utilizes the System Development Cycle approach that includes data gathering to identify system’s expected functionalities, designing the system using Use-Case Diagram, integration of JSAPI for Voice Recognition, using Synthesizer software for reading the questions out loud, a graphical display of teacher representation and a graphical display for every questions in the review. Along in the development of this assessment tool is the implementation of the system. The system was developed using Java Programming language. It also uses MySql database to store data for preschooler, review questions and text answers. In the conduct of the review digital microphone and a speaker is needed. The developed system is capable of creating questions for a particular review, activating a review for the preschooler to take, and record the preschooler’s scores at every end of the review. The system also includes graphical display of questions. In the conduct of the review, the system was able to read out loud the questions, and a 5-second time span for the pupil to answer the review questions. The system will listen and the feedback from the study will display the correctly uttered answer. User testing results indicates an 83% correct response of system against the correct uttered answer of the preschooler.
Oil and fats whether for human consumption or for industrial purposes are largely derived from plant sources. To meet the increasing demand for edible oils and oilcakes, improvements are being made with conventional crops, as well as with other new sources of plant species, that have the ability to produce unique desirable oils. Therefore, several plants are now grown not only for food and fodder but also for a striking variety of products, including oils with nutritional and pharmaceutical attributes. This necessitates the search of new sources of indigenous oils. In the present study new native resource of oil i.e. Bauhinia seeds and apple seeds have been explored. The study is divided into five parts. In first and second part the physiochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, lipid bioactive, unsaponifiable content of extracted oil of three locally grown Bauhinia species (B. purpurea, B. variegata and B. linnaei) were evaluated. Analysis of fatty acid composition of oil samples revealed 13 fatty acids with chain length C14 to C24. The major fatty acids were Myristoleic acid (C14:1) and lignoceric acid (C24:0), linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid. Tocopherols (α-tocopherol, γ+β-tocopherol and δ-tocopherols) were identified and α-tocopherol is reported first time in this study. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of Bauhinia species ranged 1.8-3.2%, β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol were the major sterols which accounted for 84-92%. The proximate compositions of meal residue of all samples were also analyzed to determine the suitability of these seeds meal in animal feed formulations. The results revealed that Bauhinia species could be helpful in understanding the influence of cultivar / variety on the quality of oil. The study revealed that the seed oils of the Bauhinia species grown in Pakistan were found nutritionally important with higher amount of PUFA, tocopherols and sterols. In the third part of study the oxidative stability assessment was done by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and oxidative stability index (OSI) method among three Bauhinia species (B. purpurea, B. variegata and B. linnaei), rice bran and cotton seed oil. B. purpurea oil showed highest oxidative stability. Excellent calibration was achieved between ivDSC T 0 and OSI measurements. The coefficients of correlation were highly significant (P < 0.01) for each evaluation. The coefficient of the determination (R 2 ) for analyzed oils was above 0.9956, showing good linear regression, which revealed that oxidative stability of the oils can be accurately determined by DSC in a short time as compared to OSI method. In fourth part of study Infraspecific variation in composition of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. (B. purpurea L.) seed oil was assessed for regional discrimination. Samples were collected from five cities of Pakistan (Hyderabad, Tandojam, Multan, Pakpattan and Abbotabad). Linoleic acid, α-tocopherol, and β-sitosterol contents were used to find variability and significant difference among five regions and was found to be p<0.0001. On the basis of fatty acid composition, five regions could not be discriminated using PCA, LDA on fatty acids discriminated the regions and cross-validation was found to be 99%. Using tocopherols only one PCA component was extracted and LDA on tocopherols discriminated within the regions and cross-validation was found to be 100% perfect. PCA and LDA plots for sterol composition showed five distinct groups for both statistical protocols and all cases were 100% correctly classified. The results of present study indicated that tocopherols and sterols are better chemotaxonomic marker as compared to fatty acids for regional discrimination of B. purpurea L. In fifth part of study the extracted oil from four apple seed varieties (Royal Gala, Red Delicious, Pyrus Malus and Golden Delicious) from Pakistan, total forty two samples were investigated for their physiochemical characteristics, fatty acids profile and lipid bioactive by GC-MS. The oil content in the seeds of apple varieties ranged from 26.8-28.7%. The results revealed that linoleic acid (40.5-49.6%) was the main fatty acid. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of apple seed oils ranged from 1.8-2.1%, squalene, β-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, campesterol, avenasterol, β-sitosterol, 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol and Stigmast-4-en-3-one were identified, which accounted for 98- 100%. The variation among the results of both fatty acids and lipid bioactive for four varieties was assessed by principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and cluster analyses. The results conclude that both oil fractions could be applied as a useful tool to discriminate the apple seed varieties.